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Aleus Galenus (Galen) credits the first non-emergency tracheotomy (making an incision in the throat and inserting a tube to allow someone to breathe without using their nose or mouth) to Asclepiades of Bithynia.
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Barber-surgeons cut hair, perform surgery; barbor pole symbol popularized
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In Islam there was generally a moral imperative to treat all the ill regardless of their financial status. The hospitals were largely secular institutions, many of them open to anyone, muslim or not. They tended to be large, urban structures. The Islamic hospital served several purposes: a center of medical treatment, a convalescent home for those recovering from illness or accidents, an insane asylum, and a retirement home giving basic maintenance needs for the elderly or anyone wihtout family.
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Christian monasteries are founded to treat the ill
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Frenchwoman Jacoba Felicie (a skilled midwife and healer who took the pulses of her patients and tested their urine to assist in diagnosis) tries to practice medicine but is denied. Her patients acclaimed her skill in healing both internal and external injuries and wounds.
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Human anatomical studies are allowed.
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Use of the scientific method begins.
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Hooke was the first person to use the word "cell" to identify microscopic structures when he was describing cork.
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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek describes bacteria.
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Francis Bacon uses microscope to discover plague fleas.
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Discovery of blood cells, bacteria, protozoa, and stethoscope.
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Edward Jenner develops the process of vaccination for smallpox, the first vaccine for any disease.
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Louis Pastuer invents the technique of treating milk and wine to stop bacterial contamination, a process now called pasteurization. Pastuer also identifies germs as cause of disease. (1822-1895)
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Joseph Lister practices medical aspesis by applying Louis Pasteur's advances in microbiology. He promoted the idea of sterile surgery while working at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary. Lister successfully introduced carbolic acid (now known as phenol) to sterilise surgical instruments and to clean wounds, which led to a reduction in post-operative infections and made surgery safer for patients. (1827-1912)
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Robert Koch discovers pathogens. (1843-1910)
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Ignaz Semmelweis shows importance of hand washing and discovers how to the prevent the transmission of puerperal fever.
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John Snow stops outbreak of cholera.
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Marie Curie discovers science of radioactivity. (1897-1904)
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Bubonic plague hits San Francisco. Without treatment, the bubonic plague kills about two thirds of infected humans within four days. (1900-1909)
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Organ transplants, X-rays, radium for cancer treatment, MRI, and CAT scans are discovered.
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Alexander Flemina discovers penicillin. (1928-1945)
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First health maintenance organization (HMO). HMO is an organization that provides or arranges managed care for health insurance, self-funded health care benefit plans, individuals, and other entities in the United States and acts as a liaison with health care providers on a prepaid basis. (1930-1960)
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Jonas Salk develops the first polio vaccine.
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Managed health care is used to describe a variety of techniques intended to reduce the cost of providing health benefits and improve the quality of care. (1980-1998)
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World Health Organization declares smallpox (a serious and contagious disease due to a virus )eradicated.
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Prescription drug, Zidovudine, is used to combat AIDS and slow progress of the disease. (1981-1986)
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Medical care becomes regulated.
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Rhazes was among the first to recognize the need for sanitation of infected patients in hospitals. Rhazes prepared the first treatise ever written on smallpox and measles for diagnostic differentiation between these two infections, which is the basis for new medicine to diagnose and treat smallpox and measles, according to his experience of patients in hospital.
