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It was needed two elements, first that each number and letter was the same or at least similar on each page and the second element: the structure of a printing press, something that had vever existed before, and Johannes Gutenberg join these two elements, creating the printing press. This technique was made using a wood-block, which later changed into an iron-block thanks to Gutenberg.
Explanation: https://www.britannica.com/topic/printing-publishing/History-of-printing -
Italian painter, draftsman, sculptor, architect, and engineer with a greate intelligence. Son of a landowner and a peasant, he learned arts thanks to Andrea del Verrocchio, he is author of a painting famous in all the world: the 'Mona Lisa' among others works. He entered in the service of the duke of Milan. He used his own technique called 'sfumato' in his works. He used all his knowledge to study nature by itself.
Explanation (with photo): https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leonardo-da-Vinci -
The Fall of Constantinople marked the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of Modern History (for some historians).The city of Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine Empire and it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and it´s army, lead by Sultan Mehmed II. After around of 53 days of fight the Ottoman Empire won, giving a new name to the city, Adrianople, they asigned this city to be the new capital of the Ottoman Empiare.
Explanation: https://youtu.be/Hnxmh_NxPcs -
Isabel 'The Catholic' was queen of Castilla in 1474, married with Fernado of Aragon in 1469, but their kingdoms had it´s own laws and organization. Together they conquered the kingdom of Navarra, Granada and the Canary Islands. They supported economically the expedition of Christopher Colombus to America.
Photo:https://www.ancient-origins.net/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/Ferdinand-and-Isabella.jpg?itok=6bQeSEWN
Explanation:https://youtu.be/g88lO1SLYJ0 -
He was an Italian painter, sculptor and architect who is recognize apart from all his works for his two famous frescoes in the 'Sixth Chapel'. He was born in 1475 and he died in 1564, he didn't consider himself an artist. He worked With thwe Medici Family, who were very important in that moment. During his life they called him 'the divine one' because of his incredible works. Thre are also famous sculptures like the 'David' and 'La Pietà'.
Explanation: https://youtu.be/ihlqGCfD5_g -
The Discovery of America marked the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of Modern History (for some historians). The Catholic Kings of Spain gave a mission to Christopher Colombus, went to India for exotic products. His idea was going straight until he reach India, (people thought that the Earth was flat, he thought it was round) as no land existed for them before, but he found America, the land he wasn´t supposed to reach, an unknown land.
Explanation: https://youtu.be/MHlfzBNnhqI -
The land dicovered by Christopher Colombus gwas given new rights. Isabel I and Fernando II talked with the spanish pope Alejandro VI, who decided to ban the portuguese and other people to the 'New World'. Creating a vertical imaginary line. Europe didn't accepted this decision and the portuguese king met the spanish kings to reforce the decision and the 'line' was 'moved'. In 1506 the Pope Julius II sanctioned this change.
Explanation: https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Tordesillas -
Born in 1479 and she died in 1555. Daughter of Isabel I and Fernando II, married with Philip of Burgundy, having together two sons. She was called 'Juana La Loca' because she found that her husband was cheating on her with many women, this cause her mental imbalance. When her husband died her mental imbalance was much greater. She fought against her father after her mother's death for the kingdom.
Explanation (with photo): https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joan-queen-of-Castile-and-Aragon -
He lead the French Protestant Reformation and it was a very important figure in the Protestant Reformation. His own interpretation of Christianity influenced so hard in the Protestantism in Europe and North America too. Calvinist , his form of Protestantism, is kwown and thought because of the impact tha it had in the modern world.
Explanation (with photo): https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Calvin -
Born in 1500 and died in 1558, was king of Spain, Holy Roman Emperor and archduke of Austria, he inherit the kingdoms of Spain and Habsburg, he extended his empire across Europe and the Spainish part of nowadays America. At the end of his life he abdicate giving the land of his empire to his son and the title of emperor to his brother.
Explanation (with photo): https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-V-Holy-Roman-emperor -
List of propositions about indulgences created by Martin Luther which probably were putted in the castle's church door, this was the begining of the Protestant Reformation. The german people started to hear about these theses which caused the gretest crisis of the Western Catholic Church. They were written in response of the indulgences sold to pay for the reform of the St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome. This criticise the papal policy.
Explanation: https://www.britannica.com/event/Ninety-five-Theses -
It was an English act of tha Parliament made in order to recognize Henry VIII as the 'Supreme Head of the Church of England', but it was needed a loyalty 'promise' from the population who recognize his marriage with Anne Boleyn. This was changed when his daughter Mary I the queen of England ruled the country.
Explanation: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Act-of-Supremacy-England-1534
https://www.britain-magazine.com/features/king-henry-viii-and-the-act-of-supremacy/ -
As a consecuence of the Reform the council respond to all the problems that related the church. It was used to 'revive' the catholithism in Europe because it was getting less important through the time. It was essential part of the Catholic Counter-Reformation too. It was convened by Pope Paul III at Trento the in northern part of Italy.
Explanation (with photo): https://www.britannica.com/event/Council-of-Trent -
Born in 1527 and died in 1598. King of Spain and Portugal, during his reign Spain was in it's greatest moment, with power and inflence even he failed in the revolt of Netherlands. He was married four times. He creted and reform the goverment of Spain with his own methods. He worked in his small office from where he decided what to do. His methods scared some of his workers, some fights took place.
Explanation (with photo): https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philip-II-king-of-Spain-and-Portugal -
King of Spain since 1556 and king of Portugal, Napoles and Sicily. He wasn't able to run the country, that's why he had a minister who did all his work. During his reign Spain sufferd a lot of bad events such us an epidemic plague and some economic problems. Moriscos (Spanish Muslims) were forced to convert into Christianity, finally they were expelled of the country, it was serious social crisis.
Explanation &photo: https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/The-reign-of-Philip-III -
Spanish painter born in Sevilla, is one of the world's greatest artist and is mostly recognize for one of his works: 'Las Meninas' but a lot of works have his name on it. He knew how to percive the colours and put it down on a canvas with his 'tenebrism' technique. When he visited Madrid he obtained royal patronage, he painted the prime minister (Olivares), Luis de Góngora (poet) and Philip IV which made succeed.
Explanation (with photo): https://www.britannica.com/biography/Diego-Velazquez -
Born in 1605 and died 1665, he was king of Spain and Portugal. During the begining of his reign he share the responsability with a noble man. He was succesfull at the beggining of his reign but the constant war against France and Europe didn't helped him at all. Which finishes with the recognation of an independent Portugal and more regions of Spain that moment became independent too.
Explanation (with photo): https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/Philip-IVs-reign -
Born in 1661 and died in 1700, he was the last Habsburg ruler of the Spanish Empire. He was 10 years old when he became king, but under his mother's responsability. He had to fought against the French king ambition's, because of the questions that appeared in the court, this it was solved in peace in 1697. His last three years of reign were problematic because it was known that he couldn't have any sucessor.
Explanation (with photo): https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-II-king-of-Spain -
After the death of Carlos II with no successor two families (Bourbon and Habsburg families') fought for the kingdom of Spain. Both families had the oppotunity to be the new kings of Spain. Louis XIV, the successor because of Charles' decision knew that he had to fight against the Habsburg, who had the support of the Maritime Powers. Finally, The Bourbon family won giving the UK a city of Spain, Gibraltar.
Explanation (with photo): https://www.britannica.com/event/War-of-the-Spanish-Succession -
Feudalism was weaker, the levels of mortality were reduce and in France, with 26 million of inhabitants, the people needed to eat. The increase of the taxes, the bourgeoisie excluded of the political power and poor people with few rights caused econmic crisis and the idea of a social reform in the country. The kings of France were killed because people decided: Louis XVI (executed) and Marie-Antoinette (guillotined).
Explanation (with photo): https://www.britannica.com/event/French-Revolution
