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800
Reconquista
Christian occupied the Iberian Penisala where was Muslim's land before. It led to the blendy of christian, Islamic and Jewish treaditions. -
1096
First Crusade
This war was caused by the Christians freeing Jernsalem from Muslim control, which led to the establishment of Christian state in Levant and deepen the conflict between Christians and Muslims. -
1202
The invention of Fibonacci’s Liber Abaci
It contained important ideas that helped solve existing
economic problems, like putting a price on products and
calculating profits and interest rates. -
1453
Ottoman sultan Mehmet II seized control of Constantinople
Master Orban, who built cannons，approached Sultan Mehmet II, offering to design and build a new, enormous cannon that could finally break the walls of Constantinople. The sultan agreed, and with Orban’s enormous guns, the Ottomans finally conquered the city. -
1492
The Columbian Exchange
Christopher Columbus’ arrival in North America created important connections all over the world that still exist
today. It also began a chain of events that dramatically changed the environment, economic systems, and culture
across the world. -
1493
Printing press's spreading
With improvement of the number of printing presses rapidly in Europe, printing press expanded the number of potential readers the number of books by the lower price, whcih enabled people to get imformation easier. -
1530
The heliocentric hypothesis is proposed
It allowed development of the scientific method, experiments, evidences, and future scientists' discoveries. -
1543
Copernicus' Epochal Book Published
This book is often regarded as the starting point of the Scientific Revolution. -
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Russian Empire
Russia did not return to a unified state until 1613 when Michael Romanov was chosen by noblemen to become czar. Michael Romanov and his descendants ruled the empire for 300 years until the Russian Revolution of 1917 -
english civil war
The English Civil War (1642-1651) was a conflict between Royalists (monarchy supporters) and Parliamentarians, leading to King Charles I's execution, a brief republic, and monarchy restoration in 1660 -
Peace of Westphalia
It marked the end of a series of religious wars in Europe. The Peace of Westphalia concluded the turbulent period in European history during which nearly eight million people lost their lives. -
Le Code Noir
It regulate slavery in the French colonies, outlining the rights and treatment of enslaved people. It imposed strict controls on enslaved people and sought to maintain order in the French colonies -
Newton Publishes Philosophia Naturalis Principia Mathematica
The Principia represents the integration of the works of all of the great astronomers who preceded Newton, and remains the basis of modern physics and astronomy. -
Great Nothern War
The war which is between Sweden and Russia caused to Sweden's influence diminish and Russian expand its territory which gain way to the baltic sea. -
the colonial competition
Britain and France were fighting each other in Europe, North America, the Caribbean, and India. This was a major change in global politics -
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Seven Years' War
The Seven Years' War was a global conflict that involved many of the world's major powers. It shifted the balance of power in Europe, and eventually lead to the American Revolution -
india famines
The industrilization of other courntries occupied the market of cloth making which result in the price of food rising and job decresing. -
american revolution
The American Revolution (1775-1783) was a war between American colonists and British forces seeking independence. It resulted in the United States' creation, rejecting British rule and monarchy. -
storming of the Bastille
The storming of the Bastille in 1789, during the French Revolution, involved a popular uprising, the release of prisoners, symbolizing a challenge to the old regime. -
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french revoluton
it marked by the overthrow of the monarchy, the Reign of Terror, and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte -
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The Haitian Revolution
The Haitian Revolution was a successful slave rebellion in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, leading to Haiti's independence from France and the end of slavery in the Western Hemisphere. -
The invention of the cotton gin
Eli Whitney in 1793 revolutionized the processing of cotton, making it more economically viable and increasing the demand for raw cotton produced in the Southern states. -
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the reign of terror
The Reign of Terror was consisted of a extreme political violence, mass executions via the guillotine, and suppression of opposition to the revolutionary government. -
Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon I and Coronation of the Empress Josephine
This meant the creation of a new empire. France went from a republic to an empire. It ablioshed estate system and kelp people's right -
Invasion of Algiers
The invasion of Algiers in 1830 was a large-scale military operation by which the Kingdom of France, ruled by Charles X, invaded and conquered the Deylik of Algiers.
It marked the end of the several centuries old Regency of Algiers, and the beginning of French Algeria. -
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First Opium War between China and Britain
British merchants smuggled opium into China, leading to Chinese efforts to curb the trade. In response, Britain initiated military actions, resulting in the Treaty of Nanjing. -
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Taiping Rebellion
This Rebellion is led by Hong Xiuquan which is going to anti-Qing. But it is failed. Qing forces with foreign assistance killed millions people. -
Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement
The Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement unfolded between 1856 and 1857 among the Xhosa people in southern Africa, specifically within the Gcaleka and Ngqika tribes. They killed their cattle and crops to resist the British. It represented a rejection of the colonial socio-economic order imposed by the British. The call to destroy cattle and crops was a desperate attempt to break free from the economic constraints imposed by colonial rule and regain control over their destiny. -
The first uprising of India
Tensions arose at a Delhi military base when Indian troops, mostly Muslim and Hindu, protested against new bullet cartridges greased with animal fat. The greased cartridges had to be opened by biting off the top. Some of the sepoys disobeyed orders. They refused to sink their teeth into the
fat-greased ammunition and were sent to prison. -
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Sepoy Rebellion
Indian soldiers (sepoys) in the British East India Company's army rebelled against perceived cultural and religious insensitivity. It led to widespread violence, with Indian civilians also joining the uprising. The British ultimately quelled the rebellion, leading to the end of the East India Company's rule and the beginning of direct British control over India. -
Tsar Alexander II emancipated of serfs
The emancipation of the serfs modernize the agrarian economy by transforming serfs into a more mobile
and flexible labor force whcih n laid the groundwork for the growth of industrial cities. -
meiji
The Meiji period was an era of major political, economic, and social change in Japan. The reforms is about the modernization and Westernization of the country and paved the way for Japan to become a major international power. -
Franco-Prussian War
It is a coalition of German states led by Prussia defeated France. It is important because it ended French hegemony in continental Europe and created a unified Germany. -
Mokrani Revolt
The Mokrani Revolt, also known as the Kabyle Revolt of 1871, was a significant uprising that took place in Algeria during the period of French colonization. The revolt was led by a Kabyle tribal leader named Muhammad el-Mokrani. This rebellion marked a crucial chapter in the resistance against French imperial rule in Algeria. It was the most important local uprising against France in Algeria since the conquest in 1830. -
British control Egypt
Because of the economic collapse, British controled the Suez Canal. British controled Egypt instead by the chao in the Egypt government. -
Herero Revolt
A rebellion by Herero people in Namibia broke out in January 1904 and continued until 31 March 1907. the leader of the Herero, Samuel Maharero ordered the extermination of all White people excluding the English, Boers, Namas, Basters, Berg-Damaras and missionaries in the German protectorate. The genocide of the Herero and the Nama is an incredibly important but also brutal part of Namibia’s history. -
Maji Maji Rebellion
The Maji Maji Rebellion (1905–1907) was an armed struggle against German colonial rule in German East Africa (now Tanzania). The rebellion expanded rapidly from the southern coastal region into the interior before it was brutally suppressed by German forces. It is an unprecedented scale resistance in Africa. -
First Moroccan Crisis
The First Moroccan Crisis or the Tangier Crisis was an international crisis between March 31 1905 and April 7 1906 over the status of Morocco. Germany wanted to challenge France's growing control over Morocco. It is important because it aggravated France and Great Britain which increased tension between them. -
Bloody Sunday
It is a uprising in Russia against Tsar Nicholas II's autocratic rule, sparked by Bloody Sunday and grievances over social inequality, political repression, and economic hardship. it is important because it marked the first major challenge to Tsarist autocracy, leading to the establishment of the State Duma -
Britain’s Aliens Act of 1905
The 1905 Aliens Act declared that 'undesirable immigrants' would be denied entry to Britain. Although it was vaguely worded, the restrictions were mostly levied against Jewish and Eastern European immigrants. Its main purpose was to keep out Jews fleeing danger in Eastern Europe, which is important reason to killing them by Nazi. -
October Revolution
The October Revolution of 1917 was the Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia, led by Lenin and Trotsky. It established the world's first socialist state, the Soviet Union, profoundly shaping global politics and inspiring revolutionary movements worldwide. -
March Revolution
The Russian Revolution of 1917 overthrew the Tsarist autocracy, establishing the a provisional government which laid a stage for October Revolution. -
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Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) was a complex socio-political upheaval marked by rebellion against Porfirio Díaz's dictatorship, leading to land reforms and significant changes in Mexico's political and social structure. -
The Xinhai Revolution
The Xinhai Revolution (1911) marked China's transition from imperial rule to republic, catalyzing modernization and ending millennia of dynastic governance. -
Balkan Wars
Balkan Wars, (1912–13) Two military conflicts that deprived the Ottoman Empire of almost all its remaining territory in Europe. The wars heightened tensions in the Balkans and helped spark World War I. -
Ten tragic days
The Ten Tragic Days (February 1913) were a pivotal moment in the Mexican Revolution, marked by rebellion, betrayal, and the assassination of President Madero, shaping Mexico's political trajectory. -
assassination of archduke franz ferdinand
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to Austro-Hungarian throne and his wife, the Duchess of Hohenberg, are killed by Gavrilo Princip. It is important because a month later, Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia and Europe rapidly descends into chaos. -
the May Fourth Movement
The May Fourth Movement (1919) was crucial for China's modernization, igniting patriotism, cultural reform, and intellectual awakening against foreign imperialism. -
Lenin’s New Economic Policy (NEP) of 1921
The NEP loosened the central government’s grip on private business and agriculture. For a time, the economy
became more flexible and profitable. The policy also injected some life into the Russian economy. Lenin’s willingness to adapt proved successful, at least in the short term. -
demise of the Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, a once-powerful Islamic state, fell in 1922 due to internal decline, external pressures, and World War I. Its collapse reshaped the Middle East, ending centuries of imperial rule. -
purges
Soviet leadership pushed for extreme forms of centralization. Stalin tried to ensure people’s loyalty through “purges.” He used this program of political suppression to eliminate anyone suspected of disloyalty. Hundreds of thousands of Soviet citizens were sent to the gulags. Hundreds of thousands died. It eliminate challenge from past and potential opposition groups, including the left and right wings led by Leon Trotsky and Nikolai Bukharin, respectively, so it is important. -
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Holodomor
Stalin argued that grain was a vital national resource. He then used state power to seize it from individual farmers. Stalin also waged class warfare against wealthy peasants, or kulaks. Whether they resisted or not, they faced a grim fate. Many were killed. Forced collectivization2 in Ukraine took place during a famine there in 1932–1933. It resulted in the deaths of about four million Ukrainians. It is important because it is one of the great moral disasters of the time. -
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The great depression
The Great Depression was a global economic crisis characterized by stock market crash, bank failure and high unemployment. It is a part of reason why the WW II happen. -
Invasion of Poland
Germany invades Poland, marking the start of World War II. This event triggered the British and French declaration of war against Germany, escalating the conflict globally. -
Pearl Harbor Attack
Surprise Japanese attack on US naval base in Hawaii, 1941. Sparked US entry into WWII due to anger and resolve against aggression. -
Battle of Stalingrad
:Major WWII battle in 1942, Soviet victory over Axis powers. Turning point on Eastern Front, crippling German advance, and boosting Soviet morale. -
the people's republic of china
The founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 marked a pivotal moment, reshaping the nation's governance, society, and international standing. -
Iranian nationalization of oil
The Iranian nationalization of oil in 1951 involved reclaiming control over oil resources from foreign companies, crucial for economic autonomy and sovereignty. -
Vietnam War
The Vietnam War, a Cold War conflict (1955-1975), was pivotal for global geopolitics, pitting communism against capitalism, altering Southeast Asian dynamics. -
Suez Crisis
The Suez Crisis (1956) involved Egypt nationalizing the Suez Canal, prompting a crisis as UK, France, and Israel invaded. It highlighted decolonization tensions and superpower politics, reshaping global power dynamics. -
Hungarian Revolution
The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was a nationwide revolt against Soviet-imposed policies and Soviet dominance, symbolizing a brief moment of freedom and defiance within the Eastern Bloc. -
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a group of oil-producing nations that collaboratively regulate oil production to stabilize prices and ensure steady revenue, wielding significant influence over global oil markets and economies. -
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Water diversion projects
The Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers began in the 1960s in the Soviet Union. These projects aimed to divert water from these rivers, which were the primary sources of inflow for the Aral Sea, for irrigation purposes in Central Asia, particularly for cotton cultivation. This diversion led to a significant reduction in the flow of water into the Aral Sea, contributing to its gradual shrinking and the subsequent environmental and humanitarian crisis in the region. -
Cuban Missile Crisis
The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) was a Cold War confrontation between the US and USSR over Soviet missile deployment in Cuba, raising nuclear war threats. -
Second Kashmir War
The Second Kashmir War (1965) was a conflict between India and Pakistan over Kashmir, impacting regional stability and Indo-Pak relations. -
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The Cultural Revolution
The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) profoundly impacted China's socio-political landscape, redefining ideologies, challenging authority, and shaping modern Chinese history. -
Torrey Canyon Oil Spill
The Torrey Canyon, an oil tanker, struck a reef off the coast of Cornwall, England, causing one of the largest oil spills in history at that time. The spill polluted hundreds of miles of coastline, devastating marine life and ecosystems. It was a wake-up call for the environmental movement, highlighting the dangers of oil transportation and the need for better regulation and preparedness for such disasters. -
Prague Spring
The "Prague Spring" in Czechoslovakia, 1968, marked a brief period of political liberalization, culminating in Soviet-led invasion, highlighting tensions between reform and authoritarianism in Eastern Europe. -
Pakistan civil war
In 1970s, civil war in Pakistan led to Bangladesh's independence. It influenced South Asia. Cold War impact evident in Afghanistan, empowering violent Islamic groups. -
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The oil shocks of 1973 and 1979
The oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 were significant disruptions in global oil supply, triggered by geopolitical events in the Middle East. They led to soaring oil prices, economic recessions, and spurred efforts for energy independence and alternative fuels worldwide. -
Seveso Chemical Plant Explosion
In 1976, an explosion at a chemical plant near Seveso, Italy, released a cloud of toxic chemicals, including dioxin, into the surrounding community. This incident was one of the first major industrial accidents to raise widespread concern about the health and environmental risks posed by chemical manufacturing. It led to increased scrutiny of industrial processes and regulations to prevent similar accidents in the future. -
Afghan War
The Afghan War, Soviet invasion (1979-1989), crucial Cold War conflict, pivotal for Afghan sovereignty and global superpower dynamics. -
Iran-Iraq War
Iraq invaded Iran in 1980, sparking the Iran-Iraq War, lasting eight years and resulting in immense casualties. This conflict shaped Middle Eastern geopolitics, leading to regional instability and influencing global oil markets due to the involvement of major oil-producing countries. -
Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Gorbachev assumed leadership of the Soviet Union in 1985, initiating reforms like glasnost and perestroika, ultimately leading to the end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the USSR. -
Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster
Catastrophic nuclear meltdown, massive radiation release, forced evacuation, ongoing environmental and health repercussions emphasize nuclear risks and need for stringent safety measures. -
The Gulf War
The Gulf War (1990-1991) was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition of 35 nations led by the United States, triggered by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. It's significant for its impact on regional stability, oil markets, and the use of coalition forces to repel aggression. -
collapse of the Soviet Union
The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked the end of the Cold War, reshaping global politics, economics, and ideologies, leading to the emergence of new nations and geopolitical dynamics.