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Evil spirits
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Were ceremonies performed by tribal doctor to exorcise evil spirits that they believed were the cause for sickness. One ceremony was trephining where the tribal doctor would remove parts of the cranium, as well as herbs and plants used as medicines.
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- Digitalis comes from foxglove plant, and is given in pill form today *Quinine comes from the bark of the cinchona tree, it controls fever, relieves muscle spasms, and helps to prevent malaria.
- Belladonna and atropine are made from the poisonous nightshade plant, and relieve muscle spasm.
- morphine is made from the opium poppy, it is effective for treating severe pain and is only used when nothing else can help sue to the fact it is addicting.
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Egyptians were the earliest people to keep accurate health records. The priests acted as the physicians. They used medicines to heal, the art of splinting fractures, and the use of leeches for bloodletting. -
They first began to use stone tools to treat diseas and illness, which developed to the practice of Chinese acupuncture, which is used today. -
They were the first to study the causes of disease to further determine that illnesses can have natural cause rather than just spiritual causes. Dissection was not allowed in the ancient times by religious custom. Hippocrates studied the biology of the human body, and the symptoms of diseases. Hippocrates wrote the standard of ethics called the Oath of Hippocrates. -
They created a sanitation system where they would bring clean water in through waterways, as well as them creating sewers to carry out the waste. They were the first to organize medical care. Romans physicians kept a room in thier home for the ill, leading to the beginnings of hospitals. Public buildings to care for the sick were created.
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Because the Roman Empire was conquered by the Huns.
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The main treatment for disease was prayer, as well as herbal mixtures.
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Bad epidemics caused the deaths of millions. -
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The renaissance period saw the rebirth of learning. Building of universities and medical schools, the acceptance for dissection, and the development of the printing press. -
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Studied and recorded the anatomy of the body. -
Discovered the fallopian tubes of the anatomy of the female.
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Discovered the tube leading to the ear from throat.
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Described the circulation of blood and pumping of the heart.
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Invented the microscope, found the bacteria that causes tooth decay.
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These, as well as early pharmacies, started in this time period. Apothecaries also took part in the trade of drugs and spices.
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He discovered bifocals, and he discovered that colds can be passed from person to person. -
A new way of teaching medicine was introduced. Students would learn from lectures, in the laboratory, and newly introduced, they observed patients at the bedside. This led to a better understanding of the causes of illness and death.
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Discovered oxygen, and also observers the circulation of air in plants, leading to respiration.
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Discovered vaccination for smallpox. Many people died from smallpox, his discovery saved millions. His discovery led to preventive medicine.
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Invented the stethoscope.
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He found the cause of childbed fever.
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During the Crimean War, she cared for soldiers who were dying from cholera,
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Discovered tiny microorganisms were everywhere, he also proved that microorganisms can cause disease, and that heating milk prevented the growth of bacteria.
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Discovered some diseases are caused by microorganisms that cannot be seen with a microscope.
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He was the first doctor to use antiseptic during surgery.
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Developed asepsis, developed a method to keep the area germ free when surgery was taking place.
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Discovered lots of disease-causing organisms, developed the culture plate method.
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Discovered the effect of medicine on microorganisms that cause disease.
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Discovered X-rays.
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Early physicians used herbs, hashish, and alcohol tp help relieve pain in surgery. Later, nitrous oxide and chloroform were used. -
Found that penicillin killed life-threatening bacteria.
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Discovered the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind. Led to the understanding of psychosomatic illness.
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Discovered sulfonamide compounds.
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Discovered that a dead polio virus would cause immunity to poliomyelitis.
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Used a live polio virus vaccine to immunize.
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Discovered the molecular structure of DNA. They model how DNA replicates and how hereditary information is coded within it.
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Performed the first successful heart transplant.
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A pioneer in separating Siamese twins and performing hemispherectomies.
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We now have antibiotics for bacterial diseases, childhood immunizations, and many other medicines that have evolved and been discovered over time.
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Current day we have new types of facilities like assisted living centers to meet the needs of senior citizens.
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New vaccines for diseases and illnesses are still being researched and developed by scientists and doctors.
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Now, in current day doctors and phycologists have a better understanding of the mind and mental illnesses.
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New technology in current days improves the quality of healthcare like, people with disabilities being able to talk through technology, and the ability to use technology as a monitoring mechanism for patients.