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On that day columbus sailed out hoping to find another passage to India by going a different route. Instead he found the Americas and names the locals Indians because he thought he was in India.
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Spain and Portugal wanted to decide on what was Spanish and what was Portuguese in the New World. So with the help from a pope they divided the new world.
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The Europeans need cheap labor after most of the Native American population has been wiped out from desease and war. So they look to Africa for cheap and good labor.
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Cortés conqueres the Aztecs by gainging their trust. When he first meets them they think he's their god, Quetzalcoatl, and they welcome him with open arms. But very soon Cortés and his men sieze the capital, Tenochtitlan, and conquerer them.
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Pizarro finds the Incan Empire and when provoked by their God King, Atahualpa, Pizarro gets his men and they attack the empire. Since the Incan army is so far away Pizarro easily defeated the Incans and kidnapped their King and held him for ransom. In the end they ended up killing him even after their requests were given.
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After one of Englands colonies dissapearing the British were set on having a succesful colony that they could grow and trade with. Jamestown Virginia ended up being their answer.
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Some people in England wanted to be free to practice their own religon. And after the success of Jamestown people known as Pilgrims went farther north and found Plymouth.