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King Ferdinand II Rules Naples
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Rule of King Charles Albert over Piedmont-Sardinia
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Pope Pius IX
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Beginning of the "Five Glorious Days"
This began with 10,000 people presenting a petition for liberal reforms to the Austrian govenor general in Milan. -
King Charles Albert Orders troops to carry the tricolor flag in battle against Austria.
The flag became a rallying point for unification and nationalism. -
Bologna workers revolt against Pope Pius IX
The rioters were put down by the Pope's forces. -
Radzetsky defeats Italians at Custoza
The soldiers were spirited nationalist but did not fight well, and were defeated by the Austrians. The Milanese then turned on King Charles Albert forcing him to go back to Turin. -
Pope Pius IX appoints Count Pellegrino Rossi as the head of the liberal government inthe Papal states
Rossi does not heed the people's desires but grants reforms on his own terms. -
Rossi Assasinated
Due to not listening to the wishes of the people, Rossi was assasinated. -
Constitutional Assembly declares the Roman Republic
The new government granted religious freedom and sent troops to help fight Austria. However, Rome was left vulnerable to attack and the government had no source of funds. -
Radeztsky defeats the Piedmontese Army at Novara
Even the strong Piedmontese army with troops from other city-states could not overcome the more powerful Austrian Army. -
Mazzini joins the revolutionary government in Rome
Mazzini was popular enough to be given a place in the Revolutionary government. -
The Austrian Army Attacks Venice
After defeating Piedmont-Sardinia the Austrians attacked Venice. -
Republican Nationalist Garibaldi Brings volunteer troops from Lombardy to help Rome
He was a more organized leader than Mazzini but could not overcome the pro-papal attacks. -
The French attack Rome
Louis Napoleon's goal was to restore Pius. The Romans resisted some but the French forces prevailed. -
Constitutional Government Surrenders and the French take over Rome
The Roman republic fell, partially due to its own error in sending so many troops to Lombardy that it could not protect itself well. -
Venetian Republic Surrenders to the Austrians
After blockades and bombings, Venice surrendered. -
Pope Pius IX returns to Rome
The pro-papal forces had been successful in regainig Rome so after more than a year in Naples Piu IX returned to Rome.
