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The Black Death was one of the most destructive pandemics ever to occur, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 1/3 of the entire European population. The plague was caused by Yersinia pestis; bacterium carried by fleas which were carried by rodents
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The Great Schism was a split within the Roman Catholic Church between the Eastern and Western churches. The break within the church is why, in present day, we have the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church
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The fall of Constantinople or Istanbul, was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading army of the Ottoman Empire
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Johannes Gutenberg was the inventor of the first movable type printing press. This invention revolutionized the availability of text and had positive impacts on literacy.
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Chrsitopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492, finding the new world as he set foot in th Bahamas on an island he named San salvador
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Martin Luther is credited with starting the Protestant Reformation. At the time Protestant churches split from the Roman Catholic church. He started the Lutheran Church, the first church of Protestantism. In his 95 theses Luther mainly argued that the Church should not sell indulgences.
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Hernán Cortez and his companions led an expidition to find the indigenous people of what is now present day Mexico. At first the Aztecs welcome them as gods but soon enough the two cultures break out into attack. With Cortez having access to advanced weaponry as well as foreign diseases, he conquered the Aztecs with ease
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King Henry VIII basically creates the Anglican church to divorce two of his six wives. The order they fall in: divorced, beheaded, died (natural causes), divorced, beheaded, survived.
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Calvin established Calvinism. In Geneva, he rejected Papal authority, and established a new form of civic governance. He is famous for his teachings and writings as well as his infamous role in the execution of Michael Servetus.
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Copernicus is known for his ideas on the sun and earth. His main idea was that our world is heliocentric. His theory was that the sun is in the middle of the solar system, and the planets go around it. This was not the accepted norm, many people accepted the geocentric model as the "real" way things worked
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The council of Trent was established to answer all Protestant disputes and state current doctrines on salvation
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The Peace of Augsburg had a few main points: the religion of the prince became the religion of the state and all its inhabitants,If the leader of the state changed his religion, the men and women living in that state did not have to do so as well,
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A Spanish fleet of 130 ships set on invading England and overthrowing Queen Elizabeth. Over 1/3 failed to return
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The Edict of Nantes allowed Protestants the freedom of religion in France. King Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes and made Catholicism the religion of France in 1629. This made many Huguenots leave
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The Dutch East India Company started when the Netherlands gave it a 21-year monopoly to trade in Asia. It was the first multinational corporation in the world and the first company to issue stock. The company had the power to start wars, make treaties, make its own money, and start new colonies.
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The beginning of the Stuart dynasty saw rise when the Tudor dynasty ended, Queen Elizabeth I died, and James I of England took power
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The peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years' War and involved the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand III Habsburg, the other German princes, Spain, France, Sweden as well as representatives of the Dutch Republic
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King Charles I is beheaded for treason. Charles offended his Protestant subjects by marrying Henrietta Maria, a Catholic French princess
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Isaac Newton was an English physicist and mathematician. He is famous for his work on the laws of motion, optics, gravity, and calculus. His revolutionary work was almost not published
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Peter the Great was a leader of Russia. He transformed Russia from an isolated kingdom into a transcontinental superpower. He also built the city of St. Petersburg
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The bank of England was actually founded by a banker from Scotland
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Known as the great sun king, he appreciated the practice of science so much he founded the royal academy of science
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The War of Austrian Succession began due to the fact that Maria Theresa was ineligible to succeed to the Habsburg thrones of her father
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Conflict between Great Britain and France broke out in 1754-55 when the British attacked disputed French positions in North America and seized hundreds of French merchant ships. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris
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The Wealth of Nations was the beginning of classical economics, it looks at division of work, following self-interest, and freedom of trade.
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The Revolution led to the end of the monarchy and a halt to the elite that ruled
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Credited as the first feminist, wrote the Vindictation of Rights of Women
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Took power and began his dictatorship in France as well as shape European politics up to the early 19th century
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The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich
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Belgian and greeks had a war on indepence as they were not free
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These were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history, but within a year, reactionary forces had regained control, and the revolutions collapsed
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The Great Exhibition was opened by Queen Victoria. It was the first of the World's Fair exhibitions of culture and industry. There were around 100,000 objects, displayed by over 15,000 contributors. France was the largest foreign contributor. The exhibits were grouped into four main categories: Raw Materials, Machinery, Manufacturers and Fine Arts
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The British Crown rule was established in India, ending a century of control by the East India Company. Britain had a grasp around India at the time
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Charles Darwin performs research on evolution in his book the Origin of Species
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In 1861, Italy was declared a united nation-state under the Sardinian king Victor Immanuel II. After being fragmented into different city states unification is found
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The Franco-Prussian War ended with Prussian troops capturing Paris, the Treaty of Frankfurt was then introduced and Germany became unified
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The Berlin Conference made rules for European colonization and trade in Africa. The conference met during the Scramble for Africa, a time with more colonial activity by European powers, where Africans were not invited.
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Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist. He invented the treatment of mental illness and neurosis by means of psychoanalysis
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Albert Einstein was a German theoretical physicist who developed the general theory of relativity. Near the beginning of WWII he warned the United States to start the development of nuclear weapons
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WWI was a global war centered in Europe with 135 countries taking part in the war
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In 1903 at the Party Congress members disagreed with each other. The Party ended up dividing into two groups, the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. They were called Bolsheviks because it means "those who are more."
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The end of WWI was settled by the treaty of versailles After the war, the Germans had to agree to the Treaty of Versailles. Germany had to pay $66.7 billion
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Mussolini's form of Fascism, Italian Fascism, unlike Nazism, the racist ideology that Adolf Hitler followed, was different and less destructive than Hitler's.
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The stock market crashes and America's economy plumets into the worst depression it has ever seen
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Adolf Hitler was the leader of Nazi Germany. Hitler ordered the invasion of Poland in 1939, and this started World War II
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Conference held in Munich during which the leaders of Great Britain, France, and Italy agreed to allow Germany to annex certain areas of Czechoslovakia.
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The bombing of Pearl Harbor, a day that will live in infamy throws united states into the second world war
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The United States ends the war by dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. United Nations is formed and eventually discusses nuclear deterrence
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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty
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The European Coal and Steel Company was created to unify European countries after World War II
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Joseph Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death. He was a totalitarian ruler, and stayed in power by removing anyone he thought might be a threat to him. His ideas and policies turned the Soviet Union into a powerful, modern nation
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De-Stalinization meant an end to the role of large-scale forced labour in the economy
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The Treaty of Rome, officially the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, is an international agreement that led to the founding of the European Economic Community
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The Fifth Republic is the fifth and current republican constitution of France
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The berlin wall was created by East Germany to seperate West Germany to prevent fascist elements from spreading
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The Cuban missile crisis was a tension between the Soviet Union, the United States and Cuba during the Cold War. This crisis is seen as one of the most important confrontations of the Cold War. It may have been the moment when the Cold War came closest to a nuclear war.
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The Second Vatican Council addressed relations between the Roman Catholic Church and the modern world and discussed religion's value
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The Prague Spring Revolt was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during the era of its domination by the Soviet Union after World War II.It attempted to grant additional rights in an act of partial decentralization
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This declaration attempted to improve relations between the communist bloc and the West
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Pope John Paul II was the second longest serving Pope and was the first non Italian pope since Pope Adrian VI who died in 1523
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This war was between the Afghanistan government and foreign mercenaries. The amount of foreign mercenaries fighting for anti government led to massive death tolls
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Poland's government raised food prices while wages were at an all time low, which in turn led the economy to be left in shambles, this resulted in protest and eventually solidarity being founded
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Gorbachev was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991, and the first and last president of the Soviet Union from 1990 until it was dissolved in 1991
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After peaceful protest and the fall of communism East Germany announced its' borders open to everyone and the wall fell
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After the fall of the Soviet Union balkanization occured leaving former Yugoslavia in pieces. Present day, it is now split into eight countries
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The European Union was created as a common economic area with Europe-wide laws allowing people to move and trade in other EU countries almost the same as they do in their own.
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Originally created for electronic payments only, the euro has become a "universalized" form of legal tender for 24 countries
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On september 11th a series of terrorist attacks were set by the al-Queda which targetted the twin towers and the Pentagon
