-
The Crusades was a holy war. It was between Christians and Muslims. The only good outcome was extended trade routes.
-
The Renaissance began right after the Black Death. The Renaissance in french is rebirth, this era was a rebirth of many things. Renaissance was a time period full of learning and discovery.
-
The 100 years war was between France and England. It was caused over series of conflicts between the rulers of France and England. One major reason was the status of the duchy of Guyenne because even though it belonged to the kings of England it remained a fief of the French crown, and the kings of England wanted independent possession.
-
Black death was a huge catastrophy. It started in Asia and it was caused by fleas on rats. It ended in 1351 and killed 1/3 of Europes population.
-
A major dynasty that ruled China from the fourteenth to the seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. The first emperor of the dynasty was Hongwu.
-
The voyages of Zheng He were from 1405-1433. Zheng He and his fleet made 7 voyages from China to India, Arabia and East Africa. Many of these voyages included battles with pirates and captures of treasure.
-
Joan of Arc claimed that she saw God and that he chose her to lead France to their victory in the 100 year war. In 1431 she was turned over by her own and was tried for witchcraft. She was burned at stake when she was just 19. However she lead France to many victories and now is a Saint.
-
In 1453, the Ottomans conquered Constantinople making it their capital and they renamed it Istanbul. Their leader was Mehmed II. The Ottomans broke the Constantinople walls and captured and killed the Byzantine Emperor.
-
Johannes Gutensberg did not create the printing press but however he was the first to put it on metal in 1455. He released the alphabet on metal and also released the bible. This started the explosion of publication.
-
It was a declaration that all Jews who refuse to convert to Christianity will be expelled from the country. Most Jews left and went to North Africa, the Netherlands, and the Americas. Some stayed behind and they either truly converted to Christianity or they risked their lives and secretly practiced Judaism.
-
Columbus traveled to the Indies and took three ships La Nina, Santa Maria, and Pinta. He was financed by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella because they wanted him to spread Christianity. He wanted to sail the opposite of everyone else so he went West hoping to find Asia but instead landed on the Indies.
-
Vasco da Gama of Portugal sailed around the southern tip of Africa to India in 1498. Gama stopped at several African ports and it took more than 10 months.
-
It started when natives started to die out and they needed more people to work for them. They were mainly needed to work for the sugar and tobacco plantations.
-
Safavid Empire was made up of persian muslims. Safavids were the Shia sect in the split of the Islams. In 1588 the greatest Safavid leader, 'Abbas, became shah. 'Abbas reformed the government made the military stronger and also trained slaved youth to be soldiers. 'Abbas helped the Safavids defeat the Uzbeks and helped gain back land from the Ottomans. The empire had a golden age and in the 1600's the capital was one of the most magnificent cities. The empired lasted until 1722.
-
Founded by Amerigo Vespucci in 1499 when he realized what he had found was not apart of Aisa. He recorded his experience in some journals which published in 1504. In 1507 Martin Waldseemüller chose to make a new map that included the new world and named it after Amerigo because everyone thought he found it first.
-
Leonardo Da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa as a sign or symbol of his vision on humanity. Da Vinci painted it because it was requested by Lisa's husband Francesco Del Giocando. The Mona Lisa is an oil painting, with a cottonwood panel as the surface.
-
Michelangelo was a sculptor, painter and architect who is considered to be one of the greatest artists of the Italian Renaissance period. In 1508, Pope Julius II hired Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the chapel. Michelangelo painted it lying down. The artistic community of Rome felt so threatened by Michelangelo's mercurial rise to fame that they devised a plot intended to discredit and degrade the young artist. They convinced Pope Julius II to hire Michelangelo hoping he would fail.
-
95 Theses was created by Martin Luther. Martin Luther created the 95 Theses because he said that the Bible is the central religious authority and that humans only reach salvation by their faith, not by their deeds. It started the Protestant Reformation.
-
Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer who discovered the strait of Magellan while crossing the Pacific Ocean. Ferdinand was also the first European to cross the Pacific Ocean. He died during the voyage but he proved that the world is much larger than what people though and proved that the globe could be circled by sea.
-
The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur and was India's first and is one of the greatest civilizations in history. The Mughal Empire was known for its wealth and power. After Babur died his grandson Akbar the Great took over and became one of the greatest Mughal rulers. After Akbar died his rebellious son took over nothing really happened other than religious conflicts when he was in rule. Jahangirs son then became ruler and during his reign the empire experienced a golden age.
-
Henry VIII founded the Angelican Church also known as the Church of England because the Pope refused to annul his marriage between him and his wife. He seperated the church of England which was a Protestant church and the Roman Catholic Church. Henry VIII became the head of the Angelican Church and he also published scriptures in English.
-
Pizarro was the leader of the army and when they arrived he demanded that emperor Atahualpa to become Christian. Atahualpa denied which caused him to be attacked in result. Since the Incas had no leader to tell them what to do they tried to fight back, but were slaughtered completely by 1537.
-
Copernicus was the first to publish a model where the sun was positioned in the center of the universe while the planets rotated around it. He challenged theories on the motion of rotation in the universe. Copernicus's full theory is that the Earth revolves around the Sun.
-
The council of trent were a group of Catholics who came together with the Pope and talked about the doctrine of purgatory and the indulgences. Also the devotions to the saints including Mary. They talked about mandatory celibacy for the clergy and monostaics, most of the sacraments, and the authority of the pope.
-
When Phillip II ruled it was at its most powerful. Because of how powerful they were his ruling period became known as the Golden Age. Phillip II was one of the most Catholic Kings to ever rule.
-
The Age of Enlightenment also known as the Age of Reason was from 1600-1792. This was the time period that challenged people with thoughts about society, philosophy, and politics. Many famous philosophers are known as the Father's of Enlightnenment.
-
Jamestown was discovered 13 years before pilgrims landed on the east coast. Settlers in Jamestown worked to establish government for many years. Despite its unrest with Native Americans, this remains as a pivotal moment in history. During the beginning there was a marriage between John Rolfe and Pocahontas that helped maintain peace between the English and the Natives. The Pocahontas movies are about this time.
-
Louis XIV reigned France from 1643-1715. He was also known as Louis the Great and the Sun King. France became a leading power while he worked to preserve a centralized government. The Versailles was a palace built for Louis XIV.
-
The Qing Dynasty also known as the The Radiance Dynasty was from 1644-1912, the dynasty had powerful and long lived rulers. The empire lasted three centuries and established territories for modern Chinese states. Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty to rule China.
-
The Leviathan in 1651 was about the social contract theory which became the basis of wester political philosophy. Hobbes was a founder of liberal thought and equality.He called the condition the State of Nature which he did not view as being evil because "The desires, and other passions of man, are in themselves no sin."
-
Oliver Cromwell ruled England from 1653-1658 which is known as the period of Protectorate. Oliver led the New Model Army which was a group of Parliament soldiers. Oliver created the Blue Laws which banned theater, dancing, gambling, horse-racing. Because of his strict ruling under puritan beliefs and his drastic ways people hated him.
-
Peter the great ruled Russia from 1682-1696. Peter made many changes which made big impacts in Russian history for many years. He also founded the city of St. Petersberg which was the capital of Russia until Moscow. St. Petersberg is a symbol of how Peter tried to modernize Russia.
-
Catherine the Great ruled Russia from 1762-1796. She was the longest ruling female of Russia. During her ruling of Russia the country became larger and stronger than ever. She supported the era of enlightenment.
-
For several months there was a new draft of the contitution that was made, however it could not be law until ratified by the states. Rhode Island was the last colony to join the United States in 1790 when they decided to ratify the constitution. During this time there were two different groups of opinions of people who agreed which were the federalists and people who did not agree which were anti-federalists.
-
The French Revolution began in 1789 with the storming of the Bastille and ended in 1799 . There were three different estates Clergy, Nobility, Commoners which were the social classes of France. All the different battles that took place during the French Revolution showed the power in the people of different nations.
-
The Reign of Terror was from 1793-1794. This time period was suppose to be a time of liberty but was actually a time when many people died. The Reign of Terror ended with the execution of Maximilian.
-
Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself emperor in 1804 because he believed France was unstable and needed a successful officer. Napoleon was a lieutenant, a captain, and a general who dominated French and European history. His final defeat was in Waterloo in 1815 and he was later exiled in St. Helena and died of Stomach Cancer on May 5th, 1821. Napoleon had a three-part empire and also created the Civil Law also known as the Napoleonic Code.
-
It was Napoleon Bonaparte's last battle and was located in Belgium. He was defeated when a Prussian army arrived to help Wellington.
-
The Tokugawa Shogunate period is known as the Edo period named after the capital Edo which is now Tokyo. Tokugawa Leyasu unified all of Japan. There were 4 different classes of society in Japan the samurai, farmers, artisans and merchants. It ended because of foreign influences on the Japanese which led to people not trusting the Shogun, and because of economical and political problems.
-
Elizabeth brought back Protestant when she became Queen. She had a problem with her cousin Mary the Queen of Scots because Mary tried to take her throne. She also had a political problems with Phillip II. When she died England was one of the greatest empires.
