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Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE
Early Beginnings
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3900 BCE
Disease Caused by?
They believed that illness and disease were caused by supernatural spirits -
3600 BCE
Treatments for sick?
To treat the sick they used herbs and plants -
3100 BCE
Medicines used today
- Digitalis come from the foxglove plant and is in the pill Intravenously to treat heart conditions
- Quinine comes from the cinchona tree and is used to control fever, relive muscle spasms, and prevent malaria -Belladonna and atropine come from the poisonous nightshade plant it is used to treat muscle spasm, and gastrointestinal pain
- Morphine is from the opium poppy it is used for treating severe pain
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Period: 2999 BCE to 399 BCE
Ancient Times
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2900 BCE
Ancient Egyptians
-The ancient Egyptians were the earliest people to keep accurate health records
-the physicians are the priests
- They used medicines to heal disease, splinted fractures, and treated disorders by bloodletting with the use of leaches -
1900 BCE
Ancient Chinese
The Ancient Chinese from as early as the Stone Age were the first to use primitive acupuncture therapies. They learned to treat a variety of illness and disease with stone tools. Their methods developed into the advanced practice of Chinese acupuncture. -
900 BCE
Ancient Greeks
- They were the first to study the causes of disease and determine that illnesses may have natural rather than supernatural causes. The Greeks understood the importance of searching for new information about disease which helped to eliminate superstition.
- During ancient times religious custom did not allow bodies to be dissected.
- Hippocrates the father of medicine based his knowledge of anatomy and physiology on observations of the external body.
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100
Ancient Romans
- They developed a sanitation system they brought clean water into the cities by way of aqueducts. They built sewers to take away waste and built public baths. -They were the first to organize medical care by sending medical equipment and physicians with their armies to care for soldiers. -Romans also started the development of hospitals by having the public buildings to care for the sick the physicians were paid by the Roman government.
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Period: 400 to 800
Dark Age
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500
Stopped the study of medicine, why?
They stopped the study of medicine because the church believed that life and death were in gods hands, the minks and priests had no interest in how the body functioned. -
700
How do they treat disease?
The primary treatment was prayer medication consisted of herbal mixtures and care was custodial. -
Period: 800 to 1400
Middle Age
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1100
Epidemics
Terrible epidemics caused millions of deaths during this period. Bubonic plague alone killed 60 million people. Other uncontrolled diseases included smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, and tuberculosis. -
Period: 1350 to
Renaissance
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1450
Rebirth?
- The building of universities and medical schools for research -the acceptance of dissection of the body for study
- the development of the printing press and publishing of books, allowing greater access to knowledge from research
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Period: 1501 to
16th and 17th Centuries
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1515
Leonardo da Vinci
He studied and recorded the anatomy of the body -
1550
Gabriele Fallopius
Discovered the Fallopian tubes of female anatomy -
1563
Bartolommeo Eustachio
Discovered the tube leading from the ear to the throat (Eustachian tube) -
William Harvey
Used his knowledge to understand physiology and he was able to describe the circulation of blood and the pumping of the heart. -
Antonie von Leeuwenhoek
He invented the microscope and established that their is life smaller than what the eye can see. How found the bacteria that causes tooth decay. -
Apothecaries
Early pharmacies started in his time. The apothecaries engaged in a flourishing trade in drugs and spices from the east. -
Period: to
18th Century
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Benjamin Franklin
He discovers bifocals and found that colds could be passed from person to person. -
Medical students learning
They required a new way of teaching medicine. Students not only had to attend lectures in the classroom and laboratory. They had to observe patients at the bedside and dissect the body to observe the disease process. This led to a better understanding of the causes of illness and death. -
Joseph Priestley
He discovered the element of oxygen. He also observed that plants refresh air that has lost its oxygen making it usable for respiration. -
Edward Jenner
He discovered a method of vaccination for smallpox. This disease killed many people in epidemics. His discovery saved millions of lives. It also led to immunization and to preventive medicine in public health. -
Rene Laennec
He invented the stethoscope it was made out of wood. It increased the ability to hear the heat and lungs allowing doctors to determine if disease was present. -
Period: to
19th and 20th Centuries
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Ignaz Semmelweis
Identified the cause of childbed fever. This was caused by physicians going to dissect body’s and then delivering babies without washing their hands which infected the woman. After this his study was proved correct by others and hand washing and cleanliness became more practiced. -
Florence Nightingale
He attracted well educated dedicated woman to the nightingale school of nursing. The graduates from this school raised the standards of nursing, and nursing became a respectable profession. -
Louis Pasteur
He is known as the father of microbiology. He discovered tiny microorganisms were everywhere. He proved that microorganisms caused disease. He also discovered that heating milk prevented the growth of bacteria. -
Dmitri Ivanovski
He discovered that some diseases are caused by microorganisms that cannot be seen with a microscope. These are called viruses. -
Joseph Lister
He used carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs that caused infection. He became the first doctor to use antiseptic during surgery. This helped to prevent infection in the incision. -
Ernst von Bergmann
He developed asepsis. He knew from others research that germs caused infection in wounds. He developed a method to keep an area germ free before and during surgery -
Robert Koch
He discovered many disease-causing organisms. He developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens and also isolated the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. He also introduced the importance of cleanliness and sanitation in preventing the spread of disease. -
Paul Ehrlich
He discovered the effect of medicine on disease causing microorganisms. His treatment was effective against some microorganisms but was not effective in killing other bacteria. His discoveries brought about the use of chemicals to fight disease. He completed 606 experiments and the last one he found a treatment that worked. -
Wilhelm Roentgen
He discovered x-rays in 1895. He took the very first picture using x-rays of his wife's hand. His discovery allowed doctors to see inside the body to help them discover what is wrong with the patient. -
Anesthesia
These drugs have the ability to put people into deep sleep, so they don't experience pain while in surgery. -
Sir Alexander Fleming
He found that penicillin killed life threatening bacteria. This is one of the most important discoveries of the twentieth century. Before it was discovered people died of illness that would be curable today. -
Sigmund Freud
He discovered the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind. He studied the effects of the unconscious mind on the body. He found out the mind and body work together which led to the understanding of psychosomatic illness. -
Gerhard Domagk
He discovered sulfonamide compounds. These compounds were the first medications effective in killing bacteria. -
Jonas Salk
He discovered that a dead polio virus would cause immunity to poliomyelitis. This virus paralyzed children and adults every year. The discovery of the vaccine saved many people from death and crippling. -
Albert Sabin
He used a live polio virus vaccine which was more effective. This vaccine is still used today to prevent this disease and to immunize babies. -
Francis Crick and James Watson
They discovered the molecular structure of DNA based on the double helix. It explained how DNA replicates and how hereditary information is coded on it. This set the stage for more advances in molecular biology. -
Christian Barnard
He preformed the first successful heart transplant. -
Ben Carson
He is a pioneer in separating Siamese twins and preforming hemipherectomies surgeries on the brain to stop seizures. -
Period: to
21st Century
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Human Genome Project
The human genomes project goal is to discover the complete set of human genes. Then make them accessible to further biological study and complete the sequence of DNA bases. They discovered genes can be mapped relative to physical features of the chromosome, or relative to other genes. -
Stem cell research
Stem cell research studies the properties of stem cells and uses them in medicine. Stem cells are the source of tissues and understanding their properties help to fully understand healthy and diseased body. -
Face transplants
Face transplants have furthered so much in the last few years. It can replace as much as 100% of the face from a donor. In 2008, Cleveland Clinic became the first hospital in the United States to perform a near-total face transplant. Having this surgery available is very helpful because that is a big part of how someone sees someone. -
Targeted cancer therapies
Targeted cancer therapy is a type of cancer treatment that used substances to precisely attack certain types of cancer cells. It can be used by its self of with a combination of other treatments. -
HPV vaccine
The HPV vaccine is used to prevent cancer causing infections. Since 2006 the infections and cervical pre cancers have dropped. The us became the fist to use HPV vaccines. HPV vaccines stimulate the body against antibodies and prevent it from infecting cells.