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Supernatural spirits -
Performed ceremonies to force out the evil spirits -
Digitalis-from foxglove plant. Given in pill form (directly in vein) or injection to treat heart conditions.
Quinine- comes from bark of the cinchona tree. Controls fever, relieves muscle spasms, prevent malaria
Belladonna and atropine- made from poisonous nightshade plant. Relieves muscle spasms, especially in Gastrointestinal pain
Morphine- made from opium poppy. Treats severe pain, addicting, used when nothing else will help -
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Health records- first to keep accurate health records
Physicians- priests
Heal? Drain blood, medicines for disease -
First to use primitive acupuncture therapies. Used stone tools -
Illness cause vs. spiritual- first to study and determine that illnesses may have natural, rather than spiritual
Dissection-didn’t allow it
Hippocrates- took careful notes of the signs of symptoms of many diseases, wrote the Oath of Hippocrates -
Sanitation system- wore a death mask, believed it protected them from infection and bad odors
Organize- they were the first to organize
Hospital development- kept a room in their houses for the ill which was the first of hospitals -
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Church believed that life and death were in God’s hands -
Primary treatment was prayers -
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-Caused millions of deaths
-Bubonic plague (the Black Death)
-other diseases include smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, and tuberculosis -
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Renaissance period saw the rebirth of learning, scientific progress began
Universities-building of universities and medical schools
Dissection- the acceptance of dissection of the body for study
Books- development of printing press and publishing of books -
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Studied and recorded the anatomy of the body -
Discovered the Fallopian tubes of the female anatomy -
Discovered the tube leading from the ear to the throat (Eustachian tube) -
Able to describe the circulation of blood and the pumping of the heart -
Invented the microscope
Discovered that bacteria causes tooth decay -
Early pharmacies
Engaged in a flourishing trade in drugs and spices from the east. -
Discovered bifocals and found that colds could be passes from person to person -
Attended lectures in the classroom and laboratory
Dissected bodies after they died -
Discovered the element oxygen -
Discovered the method of vaccination for smallpox -
Invented the stethoscope -
Identified the cause of childbed fever (puerperal fever)
Large numbers of women died from this fever after giving birth -
Cam from cultured, middle-class family, convinced her father to give her money to live, volunteered at hospitals
Designed a hospital ward that improved the environment and care of the patients -
Known as the “father of microbiology”discovered that tiny microorganisms were everywhere
Proved that microorganisms cause disease
Discovered that heating milk prevented the growth of bacteria (Pasteurization) -
Discovered that some diseases are caused by microorganisms that can’t be seen with a microscope, they are called viruses. -
First doctor to use an antiseptic during surgery -
Developed asepsis
Developed a method to keep an area germ free before and during surgery. -
Discovered many disease-causing organisms
Developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens and also isolated the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. -
Discovered the effect of medicine on disease-causing microorganisms. Completed 606 experiments on the 606th he found a treatment that worked -
Discovered x-rays in 1895. Took first one of his wife’s hand. -
Early physicians used herbs, hashish, and alcohol to help relieve pain. They choked people before anesthesia to make them unconscious to stop pain. -
Found that penicillin killed life threatening bacteria. Penicillin is considered one of the most important discoveries. -
Discovered the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind. He determined that the mind and the body work together. This led to the understanding of psychosomatic illness. -
Discovered sulfonamide compounds
These were the first medications effective in killing bacteria -
Discovered that a dead polio virus would cause immunity to poliomyelitis. This virus paralyzed thousands of adults and children every year. Discovered a vaccine -
In contrast to Salk’s virus, he used a live polio virus vaccine which is more effective. -
Discovered the molecular structure of DNA. They won the Nobel Prize in medicine for this discovery -
Performed the first successful heart transplant in 1968. -
Is a pioneer in separating Siamese twins and performing hemispherectomies. -
5 Advancements
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Found that living cells could be sprayed through inkjet printers without being harmed. Successfully printing bionic eye, antibacterial tooth, heart, skin, bionic ear, ovary, and elastic bone. -
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy were developed as treatments for cancer -
Studies shown that 3D mammography is a highly accurate screening tool for detecting breast cancer -
They can be used to identify diseases of the bone but they can also detect diseases of the soft tissue including kidney stones, lung cancer, and pneumonia. A more efficient vacuum tube was developed in the 20th century -
Technology giants such as apple, google, and IBM are inventing smarter and faster wats to deal with diseases. They can detect malignant tumors invisible to the naked eye, and cognitive computing systems that produce tailored treatment plans for cancer patients.