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Birth of CALL
1950 was the beginning of Computer-assisted learning application development in education sector. At the start, Computer-assisted learning tended to be used in other sectors than education, e.g. science, social studies, etc. Because of prevalent acceptance of B.F. Skinners –behaviorist theory- of learning through reaction to stimulus and maintain for the audio-lingual method of second language instruction led people to gain their interest in using computer for language teaching. -
Behaviorist CALL
Behaviorist Era happened as same as Skinners work at 1950 and continued at 1970. In this era, Repetition and response to stimuli were the core principle of behaviorism. CALL area in this era focused on repetitive drill and practice. Also, allowing students to learn in their own way. They used computer as a mechanical tutor, consciously repeating drill. In this era, Language Laboratory was very useful for helping students to hear and repeat language. -
Communicative CALL
In the late 1970s, Communicative Era was developed as equal as Stephen Krashen research on language acquisition as a natural, communicative process, rather than function of drill and repetition. In this period, new CALL program was developed for supporting the communicative approach. New program here was less on drilling, but the program focused more on text reconstruction, language games, programs to stimulate language use in class discussion, writing assignment, critical thinking task, etc. -
Integrative CALL
Integrative CALL began in early 1990s; computer-mediated communication –CMC- revolutionized the use of computer for language instruction. It said that students must be able to communicate with other learners through email or instantly message. Some researchers found that the language in chat room and oral conversation were rather boring (read: as bore as, because it limited realistic online between learners. But, for oral proficiency, CMC had positive effect for several language acquisitions. -
The Latest Integrative CALL
Other sides, in the late of 1990s, CD-ROM, internet and many multi-media were found. Computer provided many features for supporting Integrative CALL in language learning, such as: text, sound, graphic, video, etc. in this case, there were two benefits. First, learners could manage what, when and how they learn and they can access some information that in previous era they could not access. Also, learners could easily got authentic materials, such as: newspapers, magazines, videos, TV and podcast
