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The Encyclopédie
The encyclopédie helped to spread the knowledge among educated pubic in the second half of the 18th century. It presented critical ideas fron the Enlightenment thinkers on stratified society and absolutism. It had many suscribers in France and other European countries. -
Industrial Revolution Beginning
The Industrial Revolution began in the 18th century, when agricultural societies became more industrialized and urban. The transcontinental railroad, the cotton gin, electricity and other inventions changed society. -
Watt´s steam engine
It was an early steam engine and was one of the driving forces of the Industrial Revolution. Watt developed the design from 1763 to 1775 with support from Matthew Boulton.Watt's design saved so much more fuel compared with earlier designs that they were licensed based on the amount of fuel they would save. -
Independence of the US
On July 4 of 1776 the Declaration of Independence of the US was approved by the Continental Congress. This was an historical event that came up from many political and military events. This Declaration said that the US weren´t a colony by the British Emoire for no longer. -
French Revolution
Its aim was to end absolutism and the Ancien Régime. Revolutionaries wanted all male citizens to be considered free and equa lwith and end to feudal priviledges and the right to participate in political life. It had difeerent consequences:
- Political: rights, popular sovereigntyand the constitution.
- Economic: freedom of trade.
- Social: personal merits, equality and education for the citizens. -
First Trade Unions
It was an organization of workers who have come together to achieve common goals. Sustained trade union organizing among American workers began in 1794 with the establishment of the first trade union. -
Napoleon Empire
Napoleon began his conquest of Europe in 1803 and was crowned emperor by the Pope in 1804. His large army and the use of new military tactics enabled him to defeat most European monarchies. In 1808 the French invaded Spain and Joseph Bonaparte was made king. In 1811 the Napoleonic Empire extended from Germany to Spain and controlled most of Europe. -
Spanish-American Independence
Uprisings were organised by the criollo bourgueoise, who saw Spain as an obstacle to the developent of their economy. The loss of the colonies damaged Spanish economy and it lost its prestige as a colonial power, and it no longer controlled trade with the Americas or received colonial tax revenues. -
The War of Independence
Angered by the French ocupation, a popular revolt began in Madrid on 2 May 1808. There were three phases: popular resistance (1808), French offensive (1808-1812) and Anglo-Spanish victories (1812-1814). In December 1813, the Frenvh signed the the Treaty of Valencay and the crown returned to Ferdinand VII -
Luddism
It was a popular movement emerged in England in the early nineteenth century, led by artisans who protested against the growing use of machines in the productive process. They considered that their use destroyed the employment and deteriorated the working conditions. -
The Constitution of Cádiz
This Constitution was ratified on 19 March 1812 by the Cortes of Cádiz. It estalished national sovereignty, the separation of powers,universal male suffrage and recognised general individual freedoms. -
Congress of Viena
It was an international diplomatic conference to reconstitute the European political order after the defeat of Napoleon. It was a meeting of emperors of European states organised by the Austrian emperor. The objective of the Congress was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. -
Ferdinand VII
In 1814 Ferdinand VII returned to Spain, he repeled the Constitution of 1812 and Spain returned to absolutism. Liberals were persecuted and they organised pronunciamientos. Many liberals were forced to exile and others were executed. In 1820, Ferdinand VII was forced to reinstate the Constitution, National Milita was made up but the Holy Alliance sent troops that restored absolutism. There were a fiscal reform and Ferdinand VII issued the Programatic Sanction, but the throne belongued to Charles -
Revolution 1820
The revolution of 1820 is a nacionlist movement that ended the absolutism and started the Ancien Régime. This revolution happened because of the defeat of the revolutionary France, which reestablished the Ancien Régime. -
THE LIBERAL TRIENNIUM
In 1820 a pronunciamiento was succesful an the king was forced to reinstate the Constitution of 1812. The National Milita was made up. The Holly Alliance sent troops to Spain and restored absolutism under the command of de Duke of Andoulême. -
Stephenson´s Locomotive
It is an early steam locomotive. It was built for and won the Rainhill Trials of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, held in October 1829 to show that improved locomotives would be more efficient than stationary steam engines. -
Revolution 1830
The 1830 revolution were a process which started in Paris. In this revolution there were claims of nacionalist character with interests of the minoritary gropus like the bourgeoise and the peasants. -
Isabella II
This period began with the regency of Maria Christina, who supported the liberals and began making small reforms. Moderate liberals took control of the government and General Espartero was apointed regent. At the age of 13, Isabella II was proclaimed queen. During almost the entire reign od Isabella II the Spain's Moderate Party remained in power. The Vicálvaro pronunciamiento brought the progressive liberals to power and the Juntas were formed. After a new crisis, O'Donell created the Liberal U -
Revolution 1848
The 1848 revolution emerge from political, ideological, economic and social factors.The consequence od this was a increase in the unemployment. The socialists also brought a new ideology to the revolution. -
Communist Manifesto
It is an 1848 pamphlet by two German philosophers. Commissioned by the Communist League and originally published in London just as the Revolutions of 1848 began to erupt, the Manifesto was later recognised as one of the world's most influential political documents. It presents an analytical approach to the class struggle, the conflicts of capitalism and the capitalist mode of production. -
First International
It is an association of socialists and labour leaders founded in London in 1864 and dissolved in Philadelphia in 1876 -
Italian unification
In 1859, The liberal monarchy of Piedmont-Sardinia started a unfication. They declared war on Austria and annexed Lombardy, while a popular uprising led by Garibaldi overthrew the absolute moarchies in central and southern Italy. In 1861, Victor Manuel II of Savoy became king. In 1866 Austria left Venecia and in 1870 the Papal States were annexed by Italy. -
German unification
In 1834 Prussia ceated customs union that united the majority of the Germanic States. In 1848 the king od Prussia refused the crown of Germany because its parliament was liberal. Prussia declared war on Demark in 1864, on Austria in 1866 and in France in 1870. Prussia was victorious in the three wars, making posoble the unification of Germany. In 1871, Wilhen I was proclaimed emperor of the Second German Empire. -
I REPUBLIC
When Amadeo I adbicated, the Cortes voted to form a republic. The lower social clases were happy with the result and the republicans prepared a programme of social and economic reforms. The 1873 elections were won by the republicans and The Cortes drafted a Constitution but this never became valid. -
THE BOURBON RESTORATION
Period that began after a coup d'état by Martínez Campos that ended the First Spanish Republic and restored the monarchy under Alfonso XII. There were the Canivist system, that allowed political parties to alternate in power and promised political and social stability. Two political parties were created, the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party, that were in favour of the monarchy. There were nationalist movements and a crisis. -
Balkan Wars
The ottoman empire was in a state of collapse, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Serbia and Russia were planning to gain powers over the Balkans which would give them power over the Mediterranean Sea. The annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina increasen tensions in the Balkans, which wouls result in the Balkan Wars. Serbia and Russia were the victors. Serbia was clealy becoming stronger and Austria-Hungary looked for the Germans for support. -
First World War
It was an international conflict that involved much of Europe. 9 million soldiers were killed in this war and 5 million civilians. It started with the assassination of Franz Ferdinand by a bosnian student. Austro-Hungary, encuraged by Germany, acused Serbia and declared war. Then Russia declared war on Austria-Hungary, Germany declared war on Russia an France. Great Britain declared war on Germany and Austro-Hungary. Italy remained neutral. -
February Revolution
It was the first stage of the Russian Revolution of 1917, in which the monarchy was overthrown and replaced by the Provisional Government -
October Revolution
It was the second and last major phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, in which the Bolshevik Party seized power in Russia, inaugurating the Soviet regime -
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
It was a separate peace treaty between the new Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers that ended Russia's participation in World War I. -
Treaty of Versailles
It was the primary treaty produced by the Paris Peace Conference at the end of World War I. It imposed the terms of peace with Germanyand drew new borders. The project failed because Germany, with the other defeated countries, were initially excluded and the US senate voted not to join. -
League of Nations
It was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. -
Second World War
It was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 which involved the majority of the world's countries. it formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. Contributing factors included the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, the Spanish Civil War, the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Soviet–Japanese border conflicts and rising European tensions since World War I. -
Operation Barbarossa
It was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and most of its Axis allies during World War II. It was launched by Hitler and quikly reaching the gates of Moscow and Leningrad. This was an extremely significant event as, in response, the USSR joined the Allied forces in the battle against axis powers. -
Attack on Pearl Harbour
It was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service upon the United States against the naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu. The United States was a neutral country at the time; the attack led to its formal entry into World War II the next day. Japan intended the attack as a preventive action. Its aim was to prevent the United States Pacific Fleet from interfering with its planned military actions. -
Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
They were two atomic bombs detonated by the US over these Japaneses cities on 6 and 9 August 1945. The two bombings killed between 129,000 and 226,000 people, most of whom were civilians, and remain the only use of nuclear weapons in armed conflict. -
United Nations
It is an intergovernmental organization whose purpose is to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.The UN was established after World War II with the aim of preventing future wars, succeeding the rather ineffective League of Nations. -
Universal Declarations of Human Rights
It is an international document adopted by the UNGA that enshrines the rights and freedoms of all human beings. It was accepted by the General Assembly in 1948. -
Bloody Sunday
It was a massacre on 30 January 1972 when British soldiers shot 26 unarmed civilians during a protest march in the Bogside area of Derry. Many of the victims were shot while fleeing from the soldiers, and some were shot while trying to help the wounded