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Barber-surgeons performed surgery to treat cataracts and practiced phlebotomy. They also served with the military and treated injuries sustained in battle. They amputated limbs and burned the stumps to seal the blood vessels.
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Religion continued to play a significant role in healthcare. Both Christian and Muslim teachings encourage the care of those in need.
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Regulation of medical care began in the Middle Ages. Physicians were licensed after formal training with experienced doctors. Physicians and surgeons received different training
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This was a major change in the way people thought about medicine and research.
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Robert Hooke built one of the first reflecting microscopes.
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Medical practice went through many changes during the Renaissance, which began during the fourteenth century and lasted until the seventeenth.
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During the Age of Enlightenment, a philosophical movement of the 1700s, studies of the human anatomy took place
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New diagnostic tools such as the stethoscope were invented. Blood cells, bacteria, and protozoa could now be seen with a microscope. Doctors knew that blood was carried through the body by large vessels, but they did not know how blood circulated throughout the body.
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A connection was made between health and the environment . Edward Jenner an English doctor, discovered that milkmaids exposed to cowpox did not get smallpox
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Louis Pasteur carried out experiments that became the basis for modern microbiology.
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Joseph Lister was ridiculed for insisting on the use of carbolic soap to disinfect instruments and clean hands before doctors moved to another patient.
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Robert Koch discovered that pathogens, or disease-producing microorganisms, are the source of some diseases and proved that Lister was correct.
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Antibiotics were invented. Radium, used for cancer treatment, was discovered.
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The development of artificial organs is progressing
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The development of computed axial tomography (CT scan), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound or sonographic imaging has improved diagnosis and treatment for many diseases.
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The use of X-rays gained importance in noninvasive diagnoses. The development of computed axial tomography (CT scan), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound or sonographic imaging has improved diagnosis and treatment for many diseases.
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Research, technology, and improved care techniques are extending the horizon for healthcare.
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People in many areas of the world are living longer and healthier lives because of vaccines, clean water, and better nutrition.
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Electronic health records and electronic communication provide instant transmission of information.
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Physicians and patients need not be in the same room or even the same country to give and receive advice and treatment.
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The rapid progress in science and technology is expected to continue through the twenty-first century and bring many more changes and challenges to healthcare professionals
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Surgeries are performed with intricate computerized equipment.