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Army and Navy controlled y Reichstag.
Chancellor and government accoutable to Reichstag.
Prince Max set up a government. He was a democratic, moderate conservative.
These changed happened because people were very resentful of the Kaiser for loosing WW1, there was food and fuel shortages, Spanish flu, about 2 mil Germans killed in war and wages fell below inflation rate. This meant huge civil unrest. -
This happenedbecause the soldiers there has heard that Germany might be planning an attack on the British fleet. These sparked strikes all over the country.
They demanded immediate peace and the abdication of the Kaiser. This was because there was national shock that they had lost, bad economic conditions, and the troops and sailors knew that they had lost and there was no point continuing. -
The King wasdeposed and it was named independent.
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Prince Max felt that the pressure was far too strong. It was a coalition left-wing government.
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The army would support the republic and in return Ebert promised to oppose revolutionary socialism and preserve the authority of the generals.
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Trade unions promised not to interfer with the free market and private ownership, and in return there woul be workers' committees, legal recognition and an 8 hours working day. There is critisism that this was Ebert being too soft on cnversatives.
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German Communist Party. They wanted Germany only to be run by workers' councils, and refused to take part inperlimentary elections.
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They occupied buildings, called for a general strike and formed a commitee. It was ened very quickly, and over 100 were killed in three days of street fighting.
Location of Assemly's first meeting was moved to Weimar because of this disturbance. -
83% of people voted, 76.1% for democratic parties. This shows strong faith in democracy. Though the DVP did not support the Weimar Republic ecause they wanted a constitutional democracy. (They had 19 seats)
Some things remained the same, such as the army and judiciary and no change to the structure of big business. -
This is what the NSDAP was borne out of.
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Germany was humiliated by the ToV. It losts lots of territory, some of which was valuable because of the natural resources. They also had to accept war guilt and pay reparations of £6600 mil. They had to seriously down-size their army, including no tanks or military aircraft.
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Voting used PR. The president had quite a lot of power, such as: to dissolve the Reichstag, appointment of the chancellor, Commander of the Armed Forces and Article 48. The Bill of RIghts included that everyone had personal liberty, the right to free speech, and equality before the law. There was also welfare provision and protection of labour.
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The points included the unification of all Germans, no Jewish citizens, non-citizens should be deported, profit sharing in industrial enterprises and ensurance for old age.
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12,000 members of the Freikorps marched on Berlin, and seized the main buildings. The regular army did not stop them because troops did not want to fire on troops. The people stiked, and after 4 days the Putschers left becasuse of lack of support.
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This was caused by decisions made in WW1, such as war-bonds, and not raising taxes, There was high demand for goods and not enough supply, which meant pries rose. The government also ran on a policy of deficit financing, and cut government spending while increasing taxation. They also printed huge amount of currency.
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Because of the postponement to the repayments, the French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr. Cuno employed "paasive resistance"; the workers went of strike so the French and Belgians would not get their money, however, the workers still needed to be paid. It couldn't collected taxes from the Ruhr, and fuel had to be imported.
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Called off PR. Expenditure was sharply cut, 700,000 public employees were sacked. Appointed Schacht to introduce new currency. Extremists were defeated. Asked Allies to hold an international conference to consider German's economic situation.
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Hitler and his supporters stormed into a speech that Kahr was giving in one of Munich's beer halls and declaired national revolution. They had support, but not massively. The army was against them, and they were defeated easily. Hitler was arrested. Hitler used the trial as propaganda for the Nazis, and gained support through it, made himself a national figure. He won respect from ther right-wingers.
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This was a new stable currency.
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The monthly installments over the first 5 years were calculated off Germany's ability to pay. There was also a large loan to aid recovery. This was good in the short term, but meant Germany was quite reliant of foreign investment and American loans.
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The party was in disarray. Hitler wanted to established total control over party, and follow a policy of legality. However, some did nt agree with the policy of legality, and regional hostilities existed, and there was a split between more nationalist people and more anti-capitalist people.
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This was a treaty that ensured all borders created by the ToV were respected. Demilitarisation was seen as permanent. All countries renounced the use of force.
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Hitler re-established complete supremacy. Party was run by Fuhrerprinzip. Regional control was had by a Gauleiter.
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He was an extreme right-winger who was very influencial.
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Nazis had only 2.6%, KPD has 10.6%. SPD had 29.8%.
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It had manny problems: SPD and DNVP could not be in coalition because one wanted democracy and one didn't. The communists were totally isolated. Parties found it very difficult to agree on everything.
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It outlawed war as an instrument of national policy.
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The loans and investment from America was gone, so Germany suffered badly. By 1932 unemployment was at 5.6m. There was a slump in world trade and German exports fell dramatically.
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The Young Plan (to reduce payments to £1850mil) was accepted. This was seen as betrayal by rightwingers. The National Opposition was set up against the Young Plan. They did not manage to pass a bill against paying, but they did encourage nationalism, and turn people away from the government.
The benefits to Hitler were that party membership grew to 130,000 by the end of 1929, Nazis had a national presence for the first time, Hitler made important contacts, and he had access to Hugenburg's media -
An issue of finance destroyed the shaky government. Muller could not get a majority, so they had to be dissolved. Bruning was appointed. He was quite a conservative person.
The budget plan that Bruning prose was rejected by the Reichstag, so Bruning tried to pass it anyway with Presidential Decree. The Reichstag called it unlawful, and Bruning called for another election. -
Nazis went from 2.6% to 18.3%. SPD had 29.8%
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The SPD decided to tolerate him, and he was backed b Hindenburg.
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The depressin is baaaaaaaaad.
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They demanded the resignation od Bruning and a Reichstag election.
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He was re-elected because he was the only other option between Hitler and KDP candidate Thalmann.
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He wanted to turn some Junker estates into allotments for the umemployed, but the landowners were very much not happy about this. Hindenburg was persuaded to make him resign.
Papen was an aristocrat who didn't have a lot of political experience. He was brought i by Schliecher so that he would have more power. Mosfo the cabinet was rightwingers, who were'nt nessicarily in the Reichstag. -
Nazis got 37.3%, SPD got 21.6%
KPD and Nazis got 51.6% -
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He was planning to rule by presidential dictatorship, as the situation was desperate. However the Schleicher really didn't like this, and so persuaded Hindenburd to resign him. Schleicher took his place. He had ambitions of political stability.
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Schleicher was shitty, Hitler persuaded Hidenburg he could lead a majority.
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Reichstag building was set on fire by a Dutch communist. This lead to lots of anti-freedom bills. Lots of anti-Nazis were arrested, and the violence increased.
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It celebrated the opening of the Reichstag, with Hidenburd, the Crown Prince and many generals, so it aligned Hitler with Old Germany.
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Did away with parlimentary procedure.
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Wanted in introduce autarky
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