-
Max of Baden adresses US president
Armestice negotiations -
November Revolution (Sailors mutiny)
+During the ongoing peace negotiations the german fleet is ordered to leave for the north sea. +Sailors fear that this nonsensical manouver would harm peace efforts and munity. +workers/soldiers counils are formed etc. -
Phillip Scheideman proclaims republic
After Prince Max von Baden declared the emperor had abdicated and transferred his position of chancellor to Friedrich Ebert, leader of the SPD -
Council of the Peoples Deputies
+Joint leadership of Friedrich Ebert (SPD) and Hugo Haase (USPD).
+a lot of approval but also critics such as the Spartacists (Karl Liebknecht + Rosa Luxemburg).
+parliamentary democracy vs council democracy +both parties want womens suffrage, voting age 20, proportional representation, no censorship and amnesty for political crimes -
Ebert-Groener Pact
+Secret Telephone Call
+SPD cooperation with the OHL, to balance USPDs worker support
+Technically OHL was still in charge (Kaiser Wilhelm II Order)
+SPD unsure weather it could control OHL
+Groener+Ebert feared left wing movement -
Imperial Council Convention
Agrees to a Election Date for a National Assembly.
Until then, the Convention holds legitaslative and executive power in order to put down competing institutions claiming to gouvern germany. -
Spartacist Uprising
+After dismissal of USPD police chef Emil Eichhorn
+USPD/KPD called for demonstrations
+armed Spartacists occupy publishing house of SPD magazine Vorwärts
+Karl Liebknecht declared gouvernment dismissed
+NA has to meet in Weimar, not Berlin
+SPD resorted to OHL support
+Right-Wing Free Corps used to supress agitation
=> trying to stay soldiers in peace times (against Versailles)
+FIghting only focus in life (ok doomer)
+identify new enemy in leftists -
Karl Liebknecht/Rosa Luxemburg Murdered
+Arrested by a group of officers, violently abused and killed
+Perpetrators faced only mild punishment from military court -
Elections for National Assembly
Results:
+Jolt to the Left
+Center Party/Bavarian Peoples: 19.7%
+DDP: 18.5%
+SPD 37.9%
+Voter Participation: 84% of 36.8million eligible
+NA has to meet in Weimar, not Berlin, because of the chaotic uprisings and violence -
Friedrich Ebert elected Reichspräsident
Establishes Weimar Coalition (SPD, CENTRE, DDP). NA wants to achieve peace and write a constitution. -
Weimar Constitution passed
+Distance form council democracy
+Reichstag strengthened (comp 1871)
+Reichsrat demoted to advisory legislative
+Reichspräsident buffed (emergency decree atricle 48)
+plebiscite/referendum initiated by reichspräsident after law is passed by reichstag
+OR if a law is entertained by 10% of voters
+basic rights at the end/minor value (but quite long)
+ 2/3rds majority to change basic rights and const. articles -
Kapp Putsch
++Versailles/Stab in the back => right wing anger
+Wolfgang Kapp, senior official and right wing politician is proclaimed Reich Chancellor
+Walther von Lüttwitz had ordered the occupation of gouvernment buildings in berlin
+Support of Free Corps that exceeded Versailles army limit
+Putsch failed due to National Strike
+refusal of civil servants to obey kapp
+some workers protested, were bloodily put down -
Treaty of Rapollo
+Resumption of German-Russian diplomatic relations -
Philip Scheidemann Asassination Attempt
+two men tried to kill him with acid
+no serious harm
+right wing antagonize him for forming weimar republic +even though scheidemann opposed versailles treaty -
Walther Ratheau Asassination
+Foreign Minister of the Weimar Republic
+Fulfillment Policy
+DDP Politician
+Talented minister that tried to gain understanding of victorious powers
+Anti-semitic attacks, since he was jewish
More Information -
Ruhr Occupation
+Fulfillment Policy: Political Asassinations
+When german payments fall short:
+France occupies the Ruhr Area
+German trade unions and gouvernment call for passive resistance -
Hyperinflation
+Autumn 1923
+Ocupation/Reperations/Strikes obliterate german currency
+Farmers and retailers refuse trade
+Looting of groceries
+enterpretneurs profit since dept is basically annulled
+money lenders/banks meanwhile are fucked -
Munich Beer Hall Putsch
+Gustav Ritter von Kahr, legitimate right wing-polititian, made bavarian troops subject to Munich command, disempowering Berlin
+General Hans von Seeckt, commander of the German Army, refused to take military action
+NSDP and Hitler campaigned for their cause
then:
+Hitler had armed party members used a meeting by Kahr in a Munich beer hall to proclaim a "national rising"
+Forced Kahn/von Lossow to agree to provisional gouvernment
+Kahr/lossow turn on hitler and violently disperse nazis -
Dawes Plan
+end of immediate demand for payments
+increasing annual rates between one and 2.5 bn reichsmark
+reperation agent controls germanys financial payments
=> currency stability has to be taken into account
+no more onsided payment demands
+germany now participates equally in negotiations +germany can now recieve US loans -
Hitler is tried for treason (NSDAP banned)
+Hitler uses trial against von Seekt to attack Weimar
+Judges acquitt Ludendorff and sentence Hitler to the minimum sentance, that he did not have to serve completely
+Hitler released after nine months +Hitler promises party members to take power legally -
Treaty of Locarno
+Germany <-> Belgium/france
+abstained from violent movement of borders
+guaranteed by england and italy -
Gustav Streseman Nobel Peace Price
+together with Aristide Briand, the French Foreign Minister +Streseman had previously ended passive resistence in the ruhr area, stabilized currency
+overcome international isolation
+"Entspannungspolitik" with France
+Dawnes Plan
etc -
Treaty of Berlin
+Streseman promises German neutrality in case russia goes to war
+Military cooperation with russia, circumventing versailles -
Germany enters League of Nations
-
Young Plan
+Germany should pay reparations until 1987/88
+Controls of the Dawes Plan dont apply anymore
+French troops have to withdraw from the rheineland -
Wall Street Crash
USA:
+1920: mass production of consumer goods and promoting credit
+demand slowdown, high risk speculation and agriculture-price decline start the crisis -
Black Friday
+effects of Wall Street Crash hit Europe
+1926-1929: USA has 42% of industrial production, buys 40% of worlds raw materials, at the same time reducing credits
=> destabilisation of european banks
+european govs can't do shit to fix this
+America closes borders to exports; instead of taking responsibility, and keeping intern. payment flow balanced
+the weimar republic had its unemployment system collapsed, weimar coalition broke on the question how to fix it -
Begin of Presidential Cabinets
+Chancellor Muüllers Gouvernment resignes
+Weimar Coalition (CENTRE/SPD/DDP) broke over the unemployment system wuestion -
Period: to
Heinrich Brüning
+General Kurt von Schleicher had promoted Brüning
+supposed to launch a conservative change in policy
+ruling without parliament via hindenburgs emergency powers +failed to pass financial programme
=> art 48
+reconstruction of finances via long-term expendature cut
=>great sacrifices for workers
+deflationary policy and great depression boost unemployment
+six million unemployed
+brüning had lost all credit in the electorate
+hindenburg finally dismisses brüning -
Reelection-NSDAP rise
+NSDAP quintouples its votes
=> second largest party
+unemployed ppl more likely to vote KPD
+NSDAP popular among Protestants
+Marketed as young, fresh but strong
+Gouvernment had enough evidence to ban NSDAP
=> information witheld
=> cautious treatment from moderates made them more acceptable
+Hitler had promised party members to take power legally
+young member base -
Brüning dimissed
+High-income earners talk hindenburg into dismissing Brüning
+Franz von Papen is introduced to hindenburg, a man that could use his cabinet of barons to gouvern with the dnvp
+Thoughts to include NSDAP in gouvernment to stabilize democracy -
Period: to
Franz von Papen
-
Lausanne Conference
No more reparations due to economic crisis -
Reelection - NSDAP Rise yet again
+increase in nsdap support
+all parties except KPD and CENTER, all parties lose voters
+Hitler refuses to merely support the gouvernment
=> claims/demands chancellorship -
Hindenburg cockblocks Hitler
+Public announcement sharply refusing to appoint hitler -
Reelection - NSDAP drops
- in the wake of hindenburgs sharp announcement nsdap voters decline slightly
- NSDAP 37 -> 33 % +negotiations fail bc of hitlers stubborn claims to the post of the chancellor
-
Period: to
Kurt von Schleicher
-
Hitler-Papen Agreement
+FvP and Hitler agree to a new Gouvernment under Hitlers leadership
+meet in Cologne
+Apart from Hitler, the Cabinet would include only two other Nazis
+FvP would become vice president
+Alfred Hugenberg (DNVP) in the cabinet as well
+It seemed that Hitler would be kept in check by conservatives -
Hitler is appointed as chancellor
+Hindeburg agrees to the Hitler-Papen Solution
+appoints Hitler