-
The Roman Republic began in 509 BCE when a group of noblemen overthrew the last king of Rome -
The Athenian leader Cleisthenes introduced a system of political reforms that he called demokratia, or “rule by the people”. which was the first known democracy in the world
-
Series of wars fought by Greek states and Persia over a period of almost half a century. The fighting was most intense during two invasions that Persia launched against mainland Greece
-
The costs of holding such a vast area together become too great. Rome gradually split into Eastern and Western halves -
An ancient Macedonian ruler and one of history's greatest military minds who, as King of Macedonia and Persia, established the largest empire the ancient world had ever seen
-
He rose to power after forging an alliance with another general, Pompey, and a wealthy patrician, Crassus
-
Founded by the Roman emperor Constantine I in Byzantium, which was settled in the early days of Greek colonial expansion -
The loss of central political control in the Western Roman Empire -
A member of the Carolingian Dynasty, was King of the Franks and the first Holy Roman Emperor
-
One of the mightiest nobles in France as the duke of Normandy, but he is best remembered for leading the Norman Conquest of England
-
A series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period.
-
A document that established the principle that everyone is subject to the law, even the king, and guarantees the rights of individuals, the right to justice and the right to a fair trial. -
One of the mightiest and longest-lasting dynasties in world history
-
Bubonic plague, which was an infection spread mostly to humans by infected fleas that travel on rodents.
-
The Byzantine Empire came to an end when the Ottomans breached Constantinople's ancient land wall after besieging the city for 55 days. -
The religious reform movement that swept through Europe and resulted in the creation of a branch of Christianity called Protestantism
-
Began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. His murder catapulted into a war across Europe that lasted until 1918.
-
A conflict between 1939 and 1945 which was the most destructive war in history and millions of people were killed. It was fought between the Axis (Germany, Japan, and Italy) and the Allies (Britain, the US, and the Soviet Union among others).
-
Half a million people gathered in East Berlin in a mass protest, that the Berlin Wall dividing communist East Germany from West Germany crumble.