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Invention on logarithms
Mathematics got attention and could be fully applied and underwent rapid development. -
Bacon- Advancement of Learning
Says that only knowledge of importance was that which could be discovered by observation- 'empirical' knowledge rooted in the natural world. -
Bacon- New Atlantis
Perfect society through knowledge and control of nature. They are able to use their reason and knowedge to create a utopian society -
Descartes- Discourse on Method
Systematic doubt- begin with doubting everything and arrive to the conclusion. Cartesian dualism. -
Louis XIV comes to power
Golden Age of France, one of the greatest monarchs, expanded the French territory, and became a model for the rest of Europe -
Hobbes- Leviathan
Lead secular exponent of absolutism and one of the principal theorists of the unlimited sovereignty of the state. Social contract- people give up all their liberties to the government. Common wealth -
Royal Society of London
Knowledge became institutionalized. Organized institutions posessing equipment and funds, were engaged in scientific study. -
Samuel Pufendorf- Law of Nature and of Nations
Sovereign states should work together for common good. There was a community nations as of individuals, and that in the absence of a higher international sovereignity they were all still subordinate to natural reason and justice. -
Habeas Corpus Act (England)
Defined and strengthened the ancient prerogative writ of habeas corpus, a procedural device to force the courts to examine the lawfulness of a prisoner's detention -
Newton- Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
States that all motion could be measured whether it is on Earth or in the Solar System. Basis for physics
(1) that a body remains in its state of rest unless it is compelled to change that state by a force impressed on it;
(2) that the change of motion (the change of velocity times the mass of the body) is proportional to the force impressed;
(3) that to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. -
Locke- Two Trestises of Government
Social Contract- The government should act on behalf of people and if it does not then the people have the right to revel and overthrow. -
Mary Astell- Serious Proposal to the Ladies
Encouraged women to be edcated and have women the equal opprotunity. Wome ould have more opprotunities in the world and differrent careers. -
Lous XV comes to power
Weakened the French treasury, lost territory, discredited monarchy, no stability, contributed to the French Revolution. -
Montesquieu- On Persian Letters
Commentaries on the function of parliaments, tribunals, religious bodies. Fascination with non-European societies and a horror of despotism -
Voltaire- Philosophical Letters on the English
Seen as an attack on the French system of government and was rapidly suppressed. Criticezes different religious groups and the British government -
Frederick the Great comes to power in Prussia
Religious freedom, education for all classes, legal reform and economic growth. DIdn't change social structure -
Montesquieu- The Spirit of Laws
constitutional system of government and the separation of powers, the ending of slavery, the preservation of civil liberties and the law, and the idea that political institutions ought to reflect the social and geographical aspects of each community. -
Encyclopedia
First time that a multivolume book had many topics and contributors: notable including Voltaire, Rousseau, and editor Diderot. Helped spread Enlightenmnet ideas. -
Rousseau- Emile and The Social Contract
Emile served as the inspiration for what became a new national system of education.
The Social Contract helped inspire political reforms or revolutions in Europe, especially in France. In it he argued against the idea that monarchs were divinely empowered to legislate; as Rousseau asserts, only the people, who are sovereign, have that all-powerful right -
Catherine the Great comes to power in Russia
Admired philospphes, Enlightment ideas, and Europe. Builds orphanages, hospitals,worked towards religious toleration, codified laws, contibued mercantilistic principles, expanded territory. Did not abolish serfdom or try to ease it. -
Voltaire- Treatise on Toleration
calls for tolerance between religions, and targets religious fanaticism and has an indictment against superstitions surrounding religions. -
Adam Smith- Wealth of Nations
Ideeas that are basis for today's classical economics. Calls for division of labour, productivity and free markets -
Joseph II comes to power in Austria
He forbade religious orders to obey foreign superiors, suppressed all contemplative orders, abolished serfdom and feudal duties, -
Declaration of Independence
Took all of the ideas and philosphies of the philosphes in combined them into one document to base of the government and rights of people. Proved that the Enlightenment ideas are applicable. -
The French Revolution
Revolutionists repudiated one policy to adopt another, more or less its antithesis, they were able to turn from one philosopher of the Enlightenment, to an alternative, competing or rival theorist from the same stable.
