-
Predictable flooding cycle.
Forms the backbone of Egypt.
Flooding brings in new rich soil. -
Sails are first used on ships in Egypt. This allows for trade against the Nile current in some places and along the Mediterranean.
-
Divine Monarchy is established and unites the civilization.
2 Dimensional artwork is established.
Most Egyptians were farmers. -
Heiroglyphs were the common writing system to the Egyptians. It was commonly used to inscribe the walls of the monuments they built. It was also used in religious writings.
-
The Step Pyramid at Saqqara for King Djoser (3rd dynasty)
-
Egypt finds tin and copper and uses it to create tools. Copper is found in Sinai.
-
Began with the third dynasty of pharaohs.
Step Pyramids were built.
Mass wealth begins to deplete with the building of massive pyramids.
Decline in centralized authority, drought from low levels of the Nile and a decline in rainfall, and economic troubles bring the first intermediate period. -
Sphinx was most likely linked to solar worship.
Pyramid of Khafre was built as a tomb for the 4th dynasty pharaoh Khafre. -
Began after the long reign of Pepi II, who outlived his successors, which caused problems for the dynasty. Power struggles between provincial leaders (Nomarchs) arose. Lasted 125 years.
-
The pharaoh had more responsibilities to his people. Seen as Shepherd to the People. Egypt expands during this period. Conquered lower Nubia and built fortresses to protect the new border. Campaigns (Palestine and Syria) marked the beginning of Egyptian imperialism.
-
After a string of forts and agricultural projects are built in the Levant, trade becomes safer, and Egypt begins to trade internationally.
-
This intermediate period consisted of the fifteenth through the seventeenth dynasties. The Hyskos people emerge during the 15th dynasty to rule Egypt during this period. The final two kings of the seventeenth dynasty, Seqenenre Tao and Kamose fight off the last of the Hyskos.
-
Hyskos people dominate the Nile river delta. Teach Egyptians how to use bronze. New war weaponry emerges, and is used to drive off the Hyskos.
-
The new area marks the area where New Kingdom rulers were buried for the next 500 years.
-
Egypt had forts stationed at the third cataract of the Nile to the south, just 30 miles from the Kush Capital. Thutmose I and III push Egyptian territory farther south deep into Kushite territory.
-
During the reign of Ramses II, Egypt reaches the height of its power. He leads military expeditions into the Levant. He also focused on the construction of buildings and monuments. He founded the city of Pi-Ramses, and established it as the new capital.
-
Egypt is threatened by the expansion of the Hittites. Trade routes were threatened between Egypt and Mesopotamia and other civilizations. Ramses II leads his army to battle at the Hittite city of Kaddesh. The battle ends in a draw. Syria is divided between them.
-
A civil war ending the confirmation of the Thebian preist-king breaks out. Egypt's supply of gold from Nubia is lost to a rebellious general.
-
Egypt is attacked by a series of outside invaders including Assyrians, Babylonians, Canaanites, Libyans, and Nubians. Much of its territory is taken by strong neighboring civilizations.
-
Ptolemy, Alexander the Great's general becomes king there and establishes his own dynasty. Greek culture floods the area.
