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Where two, and eventually three men claimed to be the true pope and subsequently excommunicated each other.
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A council of the Catholic Church that ended the Western Schism by deposing the papal claimants and electing Pope Martin V.
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An agreement that king Henry V of England and his heirs would inherit the French Crown upon the death of King Charles VI of France.
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Ended the Byzantine Empire
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Established by Ferdinand and Isabella, it was intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy.
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A series of Renaissance conflicts that involved most of the Italian states as well as France, the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, England and the Ottoman Empire
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Vasco de Game established a sea route to India via the Cape of Good Hope.
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A Catholic summons to spiritual reform; among things established: secrecy of the confessional, Real Presence, fixing the number of the sacraments, and enforcement of clerical celibacy. It also required Jews to advertise their religion by an outward sign.
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Beginning of the Protestant Reformation
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Revitalised the medieval concept of the universal monarchy of Charlemagne, travelling between city without a fixed capital.
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A decree by Charles V that outlawed Martin Luther both religiously and within the Holy Roman Empire.
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A widespread revolt in German-speaking areas of Central Europe, but failed because of the aristocracy's intense opposition.
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Publication of Baldassare Castiglione's the Book of the Courtier, which dealt with issues of etiquette, behaviour and morals, particularly at princely or royal courts.
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A group of princes and representatives of Imperial Free Cities petitioned against the ban on Martin Luther, and called for the unhindered spread of the evangelical faith.
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Ferdinand I was elected King of the Romans. During his reign, the contest with the Ottoman Empire which began a great advance into Central Europe, and the Protestant Reformation
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English act of Parliament that recognised Henry VIII as the head of the Church of England
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The pope confirmed the Society of Jesus, whose members work in education, intellectual research and cultural pursuits.
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Last church council until Vatican Council of 1870
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Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter Reformation
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The Catholic princes of the Holy Roman Empire, led by Charles V, defeated the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League of Protestant princes under John Frederick of Saxony and Philip of Hesse.
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An agreement that marked the end of the 65 year struggle between France and Spain for control of Italy, leaving Habsburg Spain the dominant power there.
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A prolonged period of unrest between Roman Catholics and Huguenots. Estimated 3 million people died, making it the 2nd deadliest European religious war.
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Calvinist iconoclastic fury where in Catholic art and church decorations were destroyed as part of the Protestant Reformation
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A system of poor relief that existed until after the Second World War, dated to 1572/1597/1601
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A treaty that unified the northern provinces of the Netherlands which until then had been under the control of Habsburg Spain in reaction to the Union of Arras where the southern provinces supported Catholic Spain.
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Signed King Henry IV of France, the edict gave the Calvinist Protestants of France rights in the "Catholic" nation to try and promote civil unity.
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A truce between Spain and the Netherlands, which humiliated the Spanish as they were forced to make many concessions for little benefit.
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Decreed by King Phillip II, expelled the Moriscos, who were the descendants of Spain's Muslim population who had converted to Christianity.
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Michael I became the first Russian Tsar of the House Romanov after the zemskiy sobor of 1613 elected him to rule the Tsardom of Russia.
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One of the most destructive conflicts ever that spanned most of central Europe, it was initially a conflict between Protestant/Catholic states in the Holy Roman Empire, but became more about which group would govern Europe, eventually changing the geopolitical face of Europe.
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A peace treaty between Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand II and John George of Saxony (Protestant) which effectively ended the civil war aspects of the Thirty Years' War.
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A series of conflicts between Parliamentarians and Royalists over England's governance. First (1642-1646) and the Second (1648-1649) wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against supporters of the Long Parliament, the Third (1649-1651) was fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament, ending with Parliamentarian Victory at the Battle of Worcester.
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A series of peace treaties that largely ended the European religious wars, including the Thirty Years' War. It has been identified as the beginning of the modern international system (arguable).
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Conflict between the Dutch Republic (Spain/Holy Roman Empire/Denmark) and France (England/Sweden), which begun when France invaded the Netherlands,
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An edict issued by Louis XIV of France, which revoked the Edict of Nantes, taking away the religious freedom of Protestants in Catholic France.
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The Act of Toleration was passed by the English Parliament, which granted freedom of worship to Nonconformists. One of the measures that established the Glorious Revolution.
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A series of peace treaties signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession.
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The Chinese Emperor proscribes Catholicism in China
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The masterpiece of Adam Smith which offers one of the world's first collected description of what builds nations' wealth and is considered a fundamental work in classical economics.
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