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Mossadegh overthrown -
EG and WG not to enter diplomatic relations
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50,000 US soldiers dead
Approx. $167bn cost
643,000 tonnes of bombs dropped on NV
700,000 tonnes of bombs dropped in SV
Agent Orange + Napalm
85% pop resettled
1.1 mil Vietcong dead
1/3 mil ARVN dead
250,000 civilians -
5 yrs sentence + $10,000 fine
“I ain’t got no quarrel with those Vietcong.”
3 year ban from boxing
Stripped of title -
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Social Democrat
Former mayor of W Berlin
Following Adanauer
Hallstein Doctrine failed to undermine communism
FGR + GDR trade + tourism to influence GDR
Western products + cultures
Distraction from student + workers' protests across WG + US -
Began Nov 1969 + finalised at Moscow Summit - May 1972
5 yr freeze on offensive strategic
US 1054 ICBMs + USSR 1618
US + USSR 2 ABM fields
<100 defensive missiles each
Effectively ended competition over ABM defence technology + peace via MAD
Nuclear parity accepted in principle
Détente foundations
Indirect acceptance of satellites to monitor nuclear non proliferation
no agreements on MIRVs + cruise missiles
Mutual recognition of spheres of influence
Non interference -
Poland + FGR
FRG agreed with Poland and Czech that they had no territorial claims on the other
Agreed with Poland that Oder Neisse line was ‘inviolable’
FRG would increase trade and financial assistance to both
Ethnic Germans in Poland able to emigrate to FRG -
USSR + FRG declare no territorial claims against any other state
FRG recognise ‘non-violability’ of Oder-Neisse borders with Poland
FRG committed to negotiating treaties with Poland, Czechoslovakia, GDR + 4 Power Agreement over Berlin
FRG abandoned Hallstein Doctrine + agreed EG + WG eventually UN members -
Replaced Ulbricht
Had Brezhnev's support
Failure of Ulbricht's econ + foreign policy - align GDR with USSR on détente
Improve GDR economy + living conditions with consumer socialism -
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USSR conceded unimpeded traffic between WB and FRG + recognition of WB ties with FRG + right for W Berliners to visit East Berlin
USA admitted WB not technically part of the FRG
‘milestone in the history of divided Berlin and divided Germany’ -
Indicated they were looking for new leaders to pressure President Nguyen Van Thieu to agree to proposals at talks
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Resulted in Paris Peace Agreement
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Admitted that status quo was unsustainable
Played China card and manoeuvred between USSR and China -
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First US president to do so -
FRG recognised GDR an equal and sovereign state.
FRG accepted both states should be represented at UN from 1973
FRG repeated determination for German unification
Paved way for West to recognise GDR (Aus in 72, UK & Fra in 73, US in 74) -
Following Nixon's landslide victory
Final pressure on NV to agree with proposals at Paris Peace Talks
Reassured Thieu that US not conceding to NV -
Ceasefire
US withdrawal after 60 days
Elections considered by a commission -
Some air force + diplomats still in Saigon
Military + econ aid incl. $1bn in armaments -
Unpopular because not radical enough
Failed to implement socialist policies
Loss of USSR influence in Afghanistan + allegiance with USA, China, Pakistan
Popularity amongst Islamic Fundamentalists in Afghanistan but also USSR (Muslim Central Asian republics in USSR) -
Following ARVN defeats -
Following Watergate -
November 1974
Agreed framework for 10 yr plan for non-prolif
Agreed 2400 ICBMs, SLBMs + heavy bombers.
Limited the number of missiles that can be armed with MIRVs.
US and USSR disagree on whether arms limitation incl. limits to cruise missiles (US said no, USSR said yes).
Carter proposed further reductions to strategic systems, launchers with MIRVs, ICBMs, launchers with ICBMs; bans on new ICBMs + cruise missiles – was rejected -
Stepped up campaign against ARVN
Gov forces overcome + US stepped away
Khmer Rouge seized power -
Vietnam reunified
Communism
1.5 million flee
NV more guerrilla tactics against ARVN -
Final meeting of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Eur (CSCE, 1972 - Aug 75) with 35 countries (Eur exc. Alb + USA + Can)
Final agreement divided in 4 baskets confirmed Ostpolitik + Détente
cooperation on security, economy, culture
USSR mostly ignored provisions on human rights
US public accused Ford of legitimising USSR domination in Eastern Europe -
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Following border disputes
Khmer Rouge overthrown
Pro Vietnam gov established -
Radical Faction of PDPA
Amin + Taraki -
Real name Karol Wojtyła -
Still informal relations + military aid to Taiwan
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Triggered mass armed insurrection
Caused the fall of the government -
Led to an oil crisis -
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Finalised in June 1979 in Vienna after 7 years of negotiations
Agreed to further limit ICBMs, SLBMs + heavy bombers to 2250 from 1981.
Agreed to limit number of launchers with MIRVs to 1200
Scripted negotiations - Brezhnev seemed frail + little room for further negotiations.
US never ratified it although terms were honoured by both sides until 1986 -
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Ordered by Haifzullah Amin -
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Killed by KGB
Succeeded by Babrak Karmal -
Following inflation + illegal strikes by workers of Gdansk shipyard
Joined by intellectuals + became Solidarity -
Gave ppl identity
US provided covert assistance
USSR pressured Polish gov to restore order
USSR busy in Afghanistan so didn't invade
Leaned on Polish gen. Jaruzelski
Solidarity planned ntl strike -
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USSR leaned on Jaruzelski for help with Solidarity
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Delivered to Ntl. Assoc of Evangelicals
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NATO exercise believed to be a real attack
USSR on high alert for counter-attack -
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