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Oct 28, 1500
Native Spirituality
In the 1500s, the Natives believed in animalism, and respected nature itself. Their spirituality consisted of the Shamanism, which was a priest/medicine man, myths and legends, dreamcatchers, and animalism, as I explained before. Their social relationships consisted of Respect for elders, traditions, freedom of actions. Their communication and exchanges consisted of oral traditions, ceremonies, and song and dance. -
Divine Right of Kings
They can do whatever they want, had total power and say, which played a role: they believe they were chosen by God. The Divine Right of Kings had an influence on the ideas and culture, when New France was under the French Regime. In general, the only king we talk about is Louis XIV, because he made the biggest impact on New France more than any other King. -
Life in New France
-Decent life, better than in France. Working life: no holidays, no sick days. Everyday you would have something to do, full days (sunrise to sun down) Positive side: worked at their pace. Wife was usually the business partner, and had her own roles. If they have a big family, more people to do the labour. They didn’t save up for school for the kids, kids mainly worked on the land with the parents. -
Life in New France part 2
-New France was not really developing, settlers became self-dependent, they did things for themselves
-The rich were perfectly fine in New France. The poor moved to New France for a better life but worked very hard.
-In New France the people were very independent. 1760, it grew to become a specific set of people called Canadien.
-British gave the option for the French to leave. Canadiens stayed, but under the British laws. Didn’t kick out the bishop because people are attached to their religion. -
Catholicism
Catholicism was very powerful. Everyone did what the church wanted or you ignored/rejected. Women basically had two options, to either get married or be a nun. The clergy was almost everywhere in this society including:
-Priests control parishes
-Priests converting the Natives
-Nuns working in hospitals
-Nuns working in schools
-Potential priests were trained in a seminary.
-Money to make all this happen came from the tithe.
-Most of the people were extremely religious.
-Charities -
Churches (Catholicism)
-Church plays a major role in defining morally acceptable behaviour. You had to live under the churches laws and rules.
-The Church spreads its ideas by controling education in the colony. They were the teachers and controled the content. Most of the education was religion, and they took the brightest boys and made the be a priest or someone important.
-Art tends to be impressions of religion. If you had the money for art work, the majority of the artwork would have been influenced by religion. -
Louis 14
In 1663, King Louis XIV was gaining total veto power in Europe. His colony New France was still suffering. New France wasn’t developing its economy or population sector, as it was dealing with many Iroquois attacks. Louis took charge, and put many things in to develop the colony, including: the stopping of mercantilism, brought Jean Talon, well trained regiment of soldiers were dispatched, The king ended the monopoly and placed New France under the Minister of Marine. -
The independent spirit and adaptability of the Canadiens
Canadians adapt to an independent spirit, and they do things for themselves, and only for themselves, and they do what they have to do, to become successful or more successful. There was no authority, and caused the "Canadiens" to act very independent. It later became apart of their culture. If they broke the "rules," there was no police, so no one would be able to do anything. -
Social Class under French Regime
-Nobility/Elite (Governor) Wealthy / may have had ties to royalty / Very few / mingled with the bourgeoisie = both had money
-Middle Class/Bourgeoisie (Seignuers) Self-made money
-Peasants/Habitant (censitaries ) Poor / Labour Workers/ Farmers -
Cause of independence in New France (French regime)
-Distance from France: the king exercised less control. Can’t control you when the people are away from the King. Sense of freedom.
-Contact with the aboriginals: development of an independent spirit and a sense of freedom. No police often did what they wanted. Many worked with or lived with native. -
British Rule
Cultural activities are the expression of ideas. At the time in 1760 to 1867, they are influenced by currents of thought like liberalism, ultramontanism, anticlericalism and imperialism. Definition of them will come later. At this point, the British rule New France, although the French population was greater than the English population, by a lot. -
Liberalism
The government is going to let you make your choices in life, so you're either successful or not. Currently, our government is a liberal government, and you’re free to make your own choices. Pushing freedom to the individual. Wants things to happen naturally. Idea didn’t live under the french regime.
-Diffusion of liberal ideas by means of newspapers.
-Development of parliamentarism (the system of parliamentary government)
-Reflection of liberal ideas in architecture. -
Ultramontanism
The policy of the party in the Roman Catholic Church that favors increasing and enhancing the power and authority of the pope. Catholic extremist, you only listen to the bible. Church held every aspect of your life. This was also under the French Regime because everyone favoured the Church, and they were very religious.
-Advocating of absolute obedience to the Catholic religion.
-Church seeks to increase and extend its influence in all spheres of life. Social, political, cultural, etc -
Imperialism
The policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries. Supporting the mother country. Example: loyalist, it doesn’t mean you’re better, it's the support for your mother country. Quebec, which was New France at the time, used to be influenced by Great Britain.
-Architectural influence.
-Parliamentary political organisation. (Canada: based on the British system) -
Anticlericalism
Influence and activities of the clergy or the church in secular or public affairs. Total opposite of ultramontanism. Taking away the power of the church. Freedom of your own decision and rules. Basically what were under right now, today.
-In opposition to ultramontanism.
-Advocating of the separation of church and state.
-Promotion of a more democratic regime. Let everyone have a say. -
How the Government Functions
-Constitutional Monarchy, Queen & Governor General have only symbolic power
-Parliamentary Democracy, laws must be passed through the parliament, whose members are elected
-Three levels of Government: Federal, Provincial, Municipal
Executive: Makes decisions about administration, power held by cabinet.
Legislative: Makes or amends laws, and imposes taxes. Power held by the House of Commons
Judicial: Ensures laws are applied, Judges are appointed by the cabinet for life. -
Laicism
Church doesn’t have control political and social institutions, the government controlled everything except religious stuff.
-Influence of Church
-After 1837 the bishops became more and more powerful, the cures became the most important person in the parish.
-Church was still in charge of registering births, marriages, deaths.
-Controlled education
-Orphanages, shelters, charities, Religious festivals
-Church attendance was very high
-Protestants were divided
-Protestant Universities -
Laicism part 2
Denunciation by artists and intellectuals of the grip of the Catholic Church in all spheres of society.
-Development of a new style of artistic creation that more closely represented real life and that distanced itself from a more traditional style imposed by the Church.
-The intellectuals started changing the education because not all of them wanted to learn about religion and they didn’t need the church. -
Nationalism part 2
-In Canada some people wanted to follow Britain some did not.
French-Canadian Nationalism:
-Fre.Cdn. Nationalism: Did not want to support Britian, wanted to protect French interests views spread via newspapers. Doesn’t support an independent Canada, they support an independent Quebec.
English-Canadian Nationalism:
-Eng.Cdn. Nationalism: Liked the English way, wanted to support Britain but wanted Canada to operate independently.
-Neo-nationalism starting in the 1960s and spread by the artists. -
Nationalismes
in its broadest sense, is a devotion to one's own nation and its interests over those of all other nations. Opposite of imperialism. Not considered its own country. In WW1, Canada wasn’t its own country, everyone saw them do well during the war, and said Canada was it’s own. Canada was considered it’s own country.
-Britain exercised imperialism by controlling a vast number of colonies all over the world. Britain expected its colonies to obey and follow it’s commands. -
Capitalism part 2
-Construction of buildings by capitalists who form our architectural heritage.
-Diffusion of capitalist ideas through the basic press owned by businessmen. Businessmen are owning their own land.
-Appearance of literary works that depict economic disparities. Novels show the rich and poor. Church controlled the education, it was mainly about religion it was unnecessary to own a business. The businesses started to create schools because religious schools can’t help for business.Church lost power. -
Capitalism
An economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, especially as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth. Free to create your own wealth. You are the owner of a business, and you’re free to control it. Anyone who owns their own business is under capitalism. In the early day, the people who are capitalists were the people with money. -
Imperialism
The policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies. Mother country is in charge. If you were an imperialist you wanted the English to be in the reigns.
-Spread of the British ideas (imperialists) in newspapers and stories. Loyal to their mother country.
-Founding of the newspaper Le Devoir to protest against imperialism. -
Contemporary Period
Cultural expressions are essentially expressions of ideas. These ideas were influenced by imperialism, capitalism, socialism, agriculture, nationalism, secularism, the cooperative movement, fascism, Americanism, neoliberalism, Aborginalism. -
Socialism
A theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control ofthe means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. Let the community decide what needs to be done. The community will decide what’s best. A vote within the community to make the decision, so a poll.
-Questioning the spread of capitalism through labour movements, student movements and in independent magazines. -
Cooperatism
Commonly known as: co-ops
-Birth of different groups who favoured equality and collaboration.
-Group of people that banned together to control the business. Most popular co-ops were agricultural. The groups agreed to sell your products to a co-op. AllnMade profits. Guarantees fair market value. -
Americanism
-Emergence of American cultural trends: dance (charleston), music (jazz) and spread of American culture through films, radio and television.
-To counter American influences, the church spreads ideas of traditional Catholic culture through music, media and education.
-Influence of American culture through the media.
-Canada is influenced by the American style. -
Neoliberalism
New wave of liberalism, but want the the government out.
-Advocating the removal of the state in various spheres of society.
-Active opposition to socialist groups wanting to maintain intervention of the state.
-Almost the same concept as liberalism. -
Agriculturism
Push to support farmers/farming. Duplessis supported farmers and farming big time. He didn’t like the idea of the cities expanding and evolving. He pushed people to live in the country-side. He brought electricity to the farmers, and paved roads. He made Quebec’s number one industry, agriculture.
-Valorisation of rural, community et parish life in novels. He thought country people were good people.
-Creation of community groups and spread of their ideas in a magazine. -
Quebec Liberation Front (FLQ)
A terrorist group who planted bombs, kidnapped, murdered, etc. Trudeau brought in curfew and laws, and rules. Once the group got big, whoever the government thought was associated with this group was thrown into jail. Then slowly got some information leaked from the people in the jail, and slowly got more and more people off the streets to find the leader. -
Feminism
Role of Women
-Women had a hard life.
-Women forced to do as their husbands commanded
-Long days of work for both women and men.
-Women often did the worst jobs
-They had few rights, little education.
-One escape → Become a nun.
-WWI – open things up for women. Results: women obtain the right to vote in Federal election
-Denonciation of the role of the Church towards women were different than from men. Church don’t like women, because the priests weren’t allowed women. -
Native Issues
In the summer of 1990, Mohawk warriors received road blocks on the borders to their reserves in Oka just outside Montreal. A golf course wanted to expand its 9 holes onto native land. The natives militarily organized themselves and the Canadian Forces were called in to handle the situation. The Oka crisis lasted 78 days, when the stand-off finally came to an end without armed conflict, however the problems remained the same. The Charlottetown Accord was created to deal with these issues. -
Aboriginalism
-Ancestral rights and recognition of aboriginal identity through tradition culture.
-Aboriginal rights. The fighting for the Natives to not lose their traditional values.
