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Historians believe that trade from Egypt and Mesopotamia may have decreased somewhere around 1000 BCE. During the second half of the millennium, trade expanded throughout new groups of people.
Mauryan Empire (323-185 BCE) of India, the Persian Empire, the Roman Empire in Europe, and the Han Dynasty in China were in existence at this time.. -
The Phoenicians dominated trade and travel during the first millennium and they specialized in making glass products. The Phoenicians imported and exported items such as wine, olives and olive oil, wheat, spices, metals, honey, and cedar wood.
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Monroe had the mineral and fuels that were needed to produce iron on a large scale. That technology, and its extensive trade with Egypt and the Mediterranean, allowed Monroe to flourish.
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Aksum began using the Red Sea and Indian Ocean trade networks by Adulis. Aksum controlled the African gold and ivory trade by exporting gold, gems, spices, incense and ivory to Greece, India, Sri Lanka, and Persia.
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Religion speads between 600 and 300 BCE, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism spread across the Bay of Bengal to Southeast Asia.
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Scylax of Caryanda made a voyage into the Indian Ocean from 510-515 BCE and brought the news of the new regions that were friendly which encouraged trade expeditions.
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Athens and Sparta fought over rival claims to a colonial city-state. During the 2nd year of this war, a massive plague called the Athenian Plague broke out. This attempt to invade Sicily cost Athens more than 200 ships, 4500 men and many trading allies.
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The Athenian Plague was a massive plague that killed 1/3 of the population, including Pericles.
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Alexandria was the center of trade routes connecting Rome to inner Africa, the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula, and Asia
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During the period of Mauryan Rule, there was a great expansion in trade between main centers of civilization in Eurasia and Africa.
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Berenike was a major center of international trade from the third century BCE until it decline in the sixth century CE. They traded with India, exchanging goods like cloth, pottery, beads, wood, and bamboo. During the Roman Empire, spices, myrrh, frankincense, pearls, and textiles were all shipped through Berenike to Alexandria and Rome.
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Ashoka was one of the most famous Indian emperor who ruled from 271-232 B.C.E. He sent religious envoys abroad which encouraged contact and interactions that contributed to the establishment of trade relations.
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Alexandria the Great founded the city of Alexandria in Egypt, which became a major center of art and trade. The conquests of Alexander the Great laid the foundation for centuries of interaction and cultural exchanges.