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Period: to
Population Increase
By 1850, the population of China was 430 million, but the food production had barely increased. As a result, hunger was widespread. -
The Signing of the Treaty of Nanjing
The Opium War started when Britain refused to stop trading Opium. The war ended when the treaty of Nanjing was signed, giving Britain the island of Hong Kong. -
Treaty of Wanghia
Foreigners were not subject to Chinese law at Guangzhou and four other Chinese ports. -
Period: to
Taiping Rebellion
Hong Xiuquan recruited members to create heavenly kingdom of great peace and no one would live in poverty. They took over a lot of China until Hong left and French and British brought them down. At least 20 million and probably more died during the rebellion. -
Self-Strengthening System
China's educational system, diplomatic system, and mililtary system was updated. They set up factories for steam-powered gun boats, rifles, and ammunition. -
Period: to
Rein of The Dowager Empress Cixi
Tried to modernize China and strengthen it during her rein. She increased the education of the youth, strengthened the military, and set up steam powered factories accross the country. -
Creation of Sphere of Influence
Powerful Countries attacked China and treaty negotiations after conflicts resulted in countries getting land where they controlled trade and investment in China. -
Period: to
Boxer Rebellion
Poor peasants and workers resented special treatment of foreigners and Chinese christians. The were called the society of righteous and harmonious fists or boxers. Troops defeated them in Beijing but sense of nationalism had formed in China. -
Proposal of Open Door Policy
The US proposed that China be open to foreign merchants and many European Countries agreed. The policy protected US trading rights in China and China's freedom from colonization. -
Period: to
China's Reforms
Chinese Officials were sent to study successful governments and report back.They suggested a constitutional monarchy and the reforms were made.