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Men and women in Italy hoped to bring back to life the culture of classical Greece and Rome. The contributions made during this period led to innovative styles of art and literature. It also led to new values, such as the importance of the individual.
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In the 1300's the bubonic plauge stuck city states hard. It killed 60% of the population. This brought economic changes. With less laborers, survivors could demand higher wages. With few oppertunities to expand business, merchants began to persue other intrest, such as arts.
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Leonardo de Vinci was a painter, sculpter, inventer, and scientist. Considered a true Renaissance, he was also interested in how things work. He studied how mucles move and how veins anr in a leaf form. Only 17 of his painting survived and they could tell that he was a true genius
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In 1494, a French king claimed the throne of Naples in southern Italy and launches an invassion through northern Italy. As the war dragged on, many Italian artists and writers left for safer life in Nothern Europe. Nothern European artists who studied in Italy carried Renaissance ideas back to their homelands.
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1509 He marries Catherine of Aragon. 7 yaers later he get a daughter named Mary. In 1527 He wants to divorce his wife, but the pope refusses him from doing so. Henry reforms Parlament, and dismantles the pope's power just 2 year later. 1531 Henry became head of church. Has a total of 6 wifes and none would bare him a son.
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Selim the Grim,came in power in 1512. He was an effectiv sultan and a great general. In 1514, he defeated the Safavids of Persia at the battyle of Chaldiran. Then swept south through Syria and Palestine and into North Africa. Selim captured Mecca and Medina, holly cities of Islam, and finally took Cairo. The great civilazation of Egypt was now a part of the Ottoman Empire.
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In 1517, Luther decided to take a public stant against the actions of a friar named Johann Tetzel. Tetzel was raising money to rebuild St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome. He did this by selling indulgences. It released a sinner from preforming the penelty that a priest imposes for a sinner. Tetzel gave people the impression that they could by their way into heaven. In respones to this luther wrote 95 Theses, or formal statments.
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In 1520 Pope Leo the 10th issued a decree threatening Luther with excommunication unless he took back his statements. Luther did not take back a word. Instead his students at Wittenberg gathered around a bongfire and cheered as he threw the pope's decree into the flames. Leo excommunicated Luther
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Charels V, a devoted Catholic summond Luther to the town of Worms in 1521 to stand trial. Told to take back statements, Luther refused. Month later Luther made a speach, Charels issued an imperial order. It declared Luther an outlaw and a heretic. Returned in 1522, many of his ideas were already being put into practice. His followers became a seprate religious group called Lutherans.
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Shah Abbas took throne in 1587. He created the golden age for the Safavid from best of Ottoman, Persian, and Arab worlds. Reformed aspects of both military and civilian life. He built a new capital at Esfahan. Shab Abbas made a mistake that the Ottoman monarch Suleyman made. He killed or blinded his ablest sons.
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