-
Treaty of Nanking
Britain gained Hong Kong
Free trade with any merchants in China
Forced China to pay for damages for destroyed opium -
Australia implementation of Durham Report
Responsible government
British gov with majority + representative assembly
All but one Australian colony -
Efforts to strengthen army
1857 - only 40,000 British troops
B:I troops - roughly 1:2
Late 1880s - 70,000 Britons + 125,000 Indian troops
Trained + stationed in their own district - prevent any sense of unity
Mixed by caste + religion
Mainly recruited Gurkhas + Sikhs
Replaced 62/74 Bengali regiments
Brahmin regiments disappeared
British officers increased
Field artillery given to British
Indians denied officer ranking
Growth of railways -
Indian Rebellion
Began in Meerut
Sepoys refused to load new cartridges in guns
Thought it contained lard from cows and pigs - violated Muslim and Hindu beliefs -
India Office established
Separate Sec of State
Handled Indian + East Asian affairs
Following Indian mutiny -
Treaty of Tientsin
Authorised British + French concessions in Tianjin -
Earl Canning become Viceroy
-
Ladies' Commission for the Amelioration of the Condition of Women in Heathen Countries
Auxiliary to Wesleyan Missionary Society -
Government of India Act
East India Company ceased to exist - passed on to Queen
Position for Secretary of State for India was created - received powers + duties formerly exercised by EIC directors
Council of 15 members appointed by Sec of State for India to act as advisory body - had experience of Indian affairs
Viceroy replaced Gov-Gen
Indian civil service placed under control of state -
Reformed administration
Legislative council of 5 responsible for finance, law, army, economy, home affairs
Viceroy represented by provincial governors/chief commissioners with their own legislative councils
Local councils for practical, daily issues
Civil servants mainly white males - given job based on examinations
565 nominally independent princely states - viceroy relied on them
Could no longer adopt heirs - ended Doctrine of Lapse
More attention to Indian traditions following Indian Rebellion -
Missionary station at Fat-shan, China
-
Pressure on Mexico to keep access open
Pressure to uphold free trade -
Mission for Han-Kau
-
Robert Hart appointed Head of Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs Office
Protect British interests
Branch of Qing gov
China joined Britain's informal empire
British gained access to Chinese markets -
Britain in Latin America
British public capital stood at over £80mn
Latin America was 10% of British imports + exports in 2nd half of C.19th -
Second Reform Act
2.5 mil men / 30 mil people
Property ownership
Men over 21 -
John Kirk become Consul General of Zanzibar
-
First Census of Indian Population
At least 236 million people directly under British rule or in states under treaties with British -
Unification of Germany
-
British annexed Malaya
-
Methodist missionaries prepared the ground for British in Fiji
-
Brussels Conference
King Leopold + conference of explorers + leaders from Eur
Motivated by King's interests in Congo
Decided:
- Africans incapable of ruling themselves + developing natural resources therefore European intervention necessary
- Routes to Africa's lakes need to be developed with roads or railways
- Intl African Assoc. should be established to coordinate European efforts
Promoted more competition - govs suspicious of Leopold -
Queen Victoria made Empress of India
-
France extend control into W Sudan
-
Treaty of Gandamak
Ceded various Afghan lands to the Brits
Control over Afghan foreign policy -
British took Sarawak, North Borneo (parts of Malaysia)
-
Charles Morrison acquires Mercantile Bank of River Plate in Argentina
Was a British City financer
Invested in country's utilities -
South African Conference
-
Representation of the People Act
Addressed imbalance of votes between boroughs + counties
2/3 of men could now vote -
Mackenzie put pressure on Brit gov to establish protectorate over Bechuanaland (Botswana)
Mackenzie appointed Deputy Commissioner -
Russian expansion to borders of Afghanistan
Also began constructing railway
British feared it would mess with their rule in India -
Portugal asserted claims to control mouth of Congo River
-
Control of Africa
80% of Africa still under local control
Europe mainly near coastal regoins -
British take Brunei
-
British take Upper Burma
-
Berlin Conference concluded
Initiated by Bismarck
Attended by foreign ministers of 4 Eur states + US
Secure agreement that mouths of Congo + Niger Rivers would remain neutral
Negotiated territories
General Act:
- All nations permitted to free trade in basin of Congo + surrounding outlets
- Powers with influence should protect indigenous pop + suppress slave trade
- If any power wants possession of land near Congo River, it needs to notify in case other states claim the land
Created effective occupation -
West Indies Conference
-
France gains Indochina
-
Trans-Siberian Railway
Further threatened Britain -
Crowther forced to resign
Samuel Crowther- former slave endowed into CoE
First Anglican African bishop in Niger region - accused of being too lenient on heathen practices
Forced to resign -
90% of Africa in European hands