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Italian scholar, one of the earliest humanists. Father of HUmanism.
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Italian writer and poet, wrote The Decameron and On Famous Women.
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Fought between France and England because Charles IV of France died in 1328 without an heir. Edward III of England believed he had the right to be new king of France (France won)
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A period where plague, famine, and wars were always going on and Feudal governments and the papacy struggled. Population but by the dropped but the period of death led to revitalization.
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The earliest European renaissance. A period of cultural change and achievement which began in Italy.
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french and Italian cardinals elected different popes, was a blow to prestige of church
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Created a second david
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Christine de Pisan
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Donatello
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discovered Africa
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All the other northern European countries besides Italy. Used Christian sources to propel ideas and emphasized the role of the individual with a religious tone.
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Renaissance man, created several famous paintings
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Heliocentric theory, earth was not the center of the universe
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Created david
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Spanish Monarchs
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Expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain
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European colonization and mercantilism
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Gained power and made countries stronger, distracted the nobility with wars.
-John I of Portugal
-Charles VII of France
-Louis XI of France
-Isabelle I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon
-Henry VII of England -
Discovers the new world
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criticism of the church Sir Thomas More
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Written by Machiavelli
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French control over religion, allowed religious freedom
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Critical aspects of modern society, sought to depict a civilization in which political and economic injustices were limited by having all property held in common
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Written by Martin Luther, posed on the church door, about things wrong with the Catholic Church started Lutheranism and the Reformation
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The time when thinkers questioned the Catholic Church and its teachings. Several new forms of Christianity were formed.
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HRE invades rome
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A style of painting that replaced medieval styles.
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produced the Edict of Worms, declared that people who were Lutheran would be outlaws.
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A series of religious wars in Europe. Ended with the Peace of Westphalia, recognized three Christian religions: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism.
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Uprising in Germany by peasants who were inspired by changes from the Reformation.
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Castiglione
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Catholics led a counter to the actual reformation to try to fix the Catholic religion.
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Ignatious Loyola forms the Jesuit Society
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Created by John Calvin, main belief was predestination.
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Copernicus declared the sun is the center of the planets in "on the revolutions of the heavenly spheres"
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A period of scientific advancement and achievement. Science made people question the catholic church.
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This council tried people who were against the Catholic Church, legitimized the Jesuit order.
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Invented the instrument for observing the stars before the telescope
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Settlement between the HRE. Each prince could determine the religion in his lands
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France acknowledges Spanish dominance in Italian states
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Father of the scientific method
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Proved the heliocentric theory and discovered new laws of gravity.
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Roman Catholic mobs killed a bunch of protestants
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Defeated by England, the British were more powerful on the sea. Spain wanted to turn England back to Catholicism. The beginning of a slow decline of Spanish power in Europe.
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Father of Western philosophy and geometry
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Granted the French Huguenots rights. Signed by Henry IV said "Paris is worth the mass"
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A period when the efficiency of agriculture allowed for a better life quality and led to the Industrial Revolution
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Northern Renaissance
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British international trade organization (big in India and Asia)
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Strongest in the trading empire
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first modern bank
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Window
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Religious war between Catholics and Protestants in Western Europe.
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Removed military rights of Hugeunots, protected minority religious rights
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Dies, protestant and military leader
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John Locke
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Issues between the monarchy and parliament, Charles I was executed for treason.
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Gravity and astronomy
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tested if sovereignty resided with king or parliament
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Ended the 30 years war recognized three christian religions.
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Hobbes
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Introduced to plant land-reviving crops to replenish nitrogen in soil. Led to more animal feed, which led to better diets
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Newtons laws of motion
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Isaac Newton
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When William of Orange and Mary took the throne in England
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Outlined specific constitutional and civil rights and ultimately gave Parliament power over the monarchu
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Locke
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The time of human thought and new social/human rights. Natural rights became popular and new ideals were born.
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Authoritarian leaders who used exercised their political power by the principles of the Enlightenment:
-Catherine the Great of Russia
-Frederick the Great of Prussia
-Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor of Austria
-Maria Theresa of Austria
-Leopold I
-Napoleon Bonaparte
-Napoleon III -
France and Austria, fought over the Spanish throne, Phillip took it and renounced his throne in France.
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Issued by Charles VI of HRE, insured his daughter inherited his land.
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Ended the War of Spanish Succession
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The organization to enclose individual shared of the common to successfully develop new methods
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Art that was classical Greek and Roman style.
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French style of art
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Shift of support between England and France to Austria and Prussia.
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War between Britain and France in the Americas. British won.
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Started in England, textile industry improved and jobs and urbanization increased.
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John-Jacques Rousseau, general will and popular soverignty
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France gave up all of their North American land, and gave India to the British.
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James Watt
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Richard Arkwright
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Written by Adam Smith, about capitalism
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Ends in the Tennis Court Oath
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The period of time when the french people revolted against the monarchy and established a republic. It turned violent and many people were killed and it finally ended under Napoleon.
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Third Estates Generals formed this group against the Monarchy
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Meeting of the National Convention.
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Influenced by "Natural Rights"
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Austria and Prussia
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Slave rebellion
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Slave rebellion against the French
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Creates the French Republic
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Eli Whitney
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France gets the rights to confirm church officials and repoen religious Seminoles in return pope recognized the french government, creates the Napoleonic code
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When Napoleon dominated Europe and led France through a series of wars. One most wars and built a large French Empire
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Shows Napoleon a military genius
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Meeting that promoted monarchy and a balance of power in europe.
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Napoleon arrived in paris after escaping elba
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When army officers wanted a change in government. Prequel to the 1830 revolutions.
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Romantic Revolutions in Poland, Portugal, France, Belgium, and Italy
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The house of commons was less representative, pressure from factory owners and merchants, created heavily represented urban areas, doubled the number of voters to include most middle class men and resulted in the house of commons becoming more powerful than the house of lords
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removed high tariffs on corn and free trade policy
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Widespread revolutionary wave in France, German States, Austria, and Italy
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Karl Marx saw horrible working conditions in Mark Engles father's factory
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German states (NOT AUSTRIA) formed under one crown.
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The second period of Industrial revolution, more focused on steel production and machinery.
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When Europe took it upon itself to colonize other countries and social Darwinism was the justification.
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India is divided into two main religious groups. Hindus and Muslims
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France feared Prussian power, fought over a balance of power
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Between European Nations, divided up Africa
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Freud