-
(1348-1351) One of the most devasting pandemics in human history. Occurred in Europe killing an estimated 75 to 200 million people.
-
-
Also known as the "rebirth". A cultural movement that started in Italy then spread to other parts of Europe.
-
(1415-1417) The council ended the Great Schism and executed the Heretic Jan Hus.
-
People finally had to courage to venture out of Europe to discover new lands. Such as Christopher Columbus discovering the New World.
-
-
The battle of Castillion is considered the last battle of the war. The French defeated the English.
-
This was the capture of the Byzantine capital by the Ottoman Empire. This marks the end of the Holy Roman Emprire.
-
Created by the German Johannes Gutenberg. Pretty soon it revolutionized how books were printed.
-
Spain finally overthrows the Islamic control and takes over the Penisula from the Muslims.
-
Christopher Columbus discovers islands unintentionally looking for new trade routes to India. He makes a huge discover.
-
Some people such as Martin Luther disagreed with the Catholic Church and started a reformation of the Church. Protestantism was born.
-
Prices for many things such as gold and silver inflated. Also food prices inflated in a drastic amount due to lack of labor caused by the many deaths in the Black Plague.
-
-
Early Modern Society in Europe began roughly in the end of the Middle Ages to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Many changes occured such as the Science Revolution.
-
-
-
The 95 Thesis started the Proclamation Reformation. Luther posted it at the doors of a church and rejected the validity of indulgences.
-
Cortez marches to the Aztec capital and claims the land for Spain. He brings the powerful Aztec Empire to its knees.
-
A series of wars thar raged in Europe. They occured due to the Religious changes going on in the areas.
-
-
King Henry VIII declares himself the head of the Church of England after he has a dispute with the pope.
-
John Calvin fled to Geneva and there he became a leader of the reformed faith.
-
Copernicus publishes his theory on the Heliocentric model in 1543 stating the planets revolve around the sun and the sun is the center of the Solar System.
-
-
The emergence of modern science. Many discoveries and improvements occured.
-
The Council of Trent served as a counter-reformation Protestantism for the Catholic Church.
-
Europe faced many issues such as war but these issues are what set people to look for new resources and to set order in their countries.
-
-
The Dutch entered a golden age once the Dutch East India Company was founded. It was a Dutch Monopoly due to their dominance on Asian trade.
-
-
A treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League. It officially ended the struggle in the Germanic area.
-
Charles V abdicates the territories in the Netherlands and then abdicates from the Spanish Empire.
-
The Spanish Armada planned to invade England but the English fought back and defeated the Spanish Armada.
-
A period of time when thousands of people, mostly women were accused as witches by the Church. They were mainly burned at the stake.
-
-
The Edict of Nantes granted rights to the Huguenots in France which was dominatly Catholic.
-
This was the first multinational company that carried a monoply for years in Asian trade.
-
-
A period of artistic style that started in around 1600. It exaggerated motion and made it easy to see drama and tension.
-
-
It was period of change that changed Europe's source of income. They discovered new trade routes to export and important goods.
-
James VI became James I of England and the Stuart family came in control of England. He became King of Scotland, England and Ireland.
-
A conflict arouse in England when King Charles I pretty much had absolute control of England. He refused to call Parliment which lead to a dispute.
-
-
Also known as the "Sun KIng", ruled longer than any european Monarch. He used absolute power to rule and France continued that system until the French Revolution.
-
The Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years' War. It also ended the Eighty Years' War between Spain and Dutch Republic.
-
A civil war spewed in England between the Puritans and the Calvinists. Cromwell captured Charles I and ordered him to be executed.
-
-
There was a commercial rivarly that between England and the Dutch. The two fought for the trade routes.
-
-
Abslutism is when a leader has absolute power over the people in his state. An example is Louis XIV.
-
Prussia grew as Frederick the I improved it's army. Frederick II continued it's reputation of bringing prosperity and greatness to Prussia.
-
-
Newton published "Principia" with the help from Edmond Halley. Which discusses Newton's laws of gravitation.
-
Also known as the "Bloodless Revolution". It was the overthrow of King James II of England.
-
Peter the Great expanded Russia's power by making it more European. The change of culture was based on the Enlightenment.
-
Ivan IV came to power and helped Russia come to power. They became more European and doubled their land area.
-
-
The Bank of England was founded in order to make loans to build a better navy for England since the French defeated the British navy.
-
An era where there was a huge change in culture and how people thought. Many leaders influenced people into thinking differently.
-
-
The middle class began to expand and improve as people started using their skills to make income. Developement of technology contributed to this.
-
-
-
An increase in labor and productivity helped to create an increase in agricultural production in the 18th century.
-
A series of treaties due to the War of Spanish Succession in Ultecht. (1713-1715)
-
Louis XIV had the longest period of rule in European history. He died after 72 years in reign.
-
This new artistic style developed in the 18th century in France. This style had light colors and curves, different than Baroque.
-
-
The war began as France and Prussia challenged the Habsburg power. Austria was supported by Britain and the Dutch.
-
-
Industrial Revolution was a period of change to better manufacturing. New inventions arouse that helped make manufacturing more efficent.
-
It was a treaty signed by the kingdoms of Britain, France, and Spain. Britain won the war.
-
Adam Smith published the world's first description of a nation's economics.
-
The Americans in the British colonies declated their independence from Great Britain in 1776.
-
A period of time where a significant amount of revolutions occured. It weakened many European states as it lost land in the New World.
-
-
A revolution inspired by radical ideas in France. The cause of the war was that France was heavily in debt while the nobles kept spending their wealth.
-
-
A movement that started for the rights of women. Women wanted to prove they weren't inferior to men.
-
-
Mary Wollstonecraft publishes "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" which causes ideas to rise. This starts a feminist movement.
-
Napoleon took power in 1799. In 1804 he is crowned emperor to France.
-
-
An artisitc and intellectual movement that occured in Europe. Romanticism included a lot of feelings into the artwork.
-
After his defeat in Waterloo, the Royal Navy forced him to surrender. Louis XVIII came to power.
-
-
A political movement that occured during the Enlightenment. Supported free trade and opposed absolute monarchies.
-
Also known as the July Revolution. This was the overthrow of King Charles X.
-
A conflict that led to the succession of to the establishment of the Kingdom of Belgium. Also in another conflict, Greece finally became indpendent in 1832.
-
They were a series of revolutions that spewed in Europe in 1848. It also spread to the Latin American area.
-
-
The people in Germanic states came together and united. They turned into a Prussian-German nation
-
-
-
-
-
-
An artistic movement that started in France in 1850. Realists rejected Romantism.
-
Also known as the Technological Revolution. It was a phase larger than the first Industrial Revolution which included many inventions.
-
A period where countries exhibited their power through controlling colonies. Africa was controlled through many different European countries.
-
This was a period of chance where science became institutionalized. It became a source of growth of knowledge.
-
A period where lifestyles changed. Life became more urban and many things improved such as technology.
-
Designed by Sir Joseph Paxton, had great success in its exhibition. It showed the latest technology developed in the Industrial Revolution.
-
British India was given direct rule to the British crown in 1858. Queen Victoria governed the colonies.
-
Written by Charles Darwin, is considered the foundation of evolutionary biology.
-
Tsar Alexander II declared that the serfs were free in 1861. This was not appreciated by the serfs however.
-
Many conflicts continued as Italy struggled to be unified. Finally in March 27, 1861, Rome was declared the capital.
-
-
Modern artists experimented with new ideas about nature and materials. An example of an Modern artist was Vincent Van Gogh.
-
The politically divided Germanic States finally came together in 1871 as one nation state.
-
Regulated European colonization in Africa and trade during the Imperalism period. Germany first emerged as an imperial power.
-
Written by the psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, it discussed the unconscious mind and intepretation of dreams.
-
Einstein published the theory of relativity in 1905. This theory was based on imperical discovery not hypothesis.
-
The revolution started due to several political problems occuring in Russia at the time. The revolutionaries soon calmed down after a series of reforms.
-
-
World wars were wars that included many countries and were considered a global war. This period included WWI and WWII.
-
The first global war that started in 1914. Two forces fought that were world's strong economic powers.
-
A series of revolutions that ended the Tsarist autocracy. Nicholas II was the last Tsar to rule.
-
This was the treaty that ended World War I. It ended the War between Germany and the Allied forces.
-
-
Defined as the state controls all the people in a state and tries to have as much authority as they can in a society.
-
The national Fascist Party under Benito Mussolini came to power in Italy in 1922.
-
The Great Depression was a severe global depression. It started in the United States.
-
Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933. Taking advantage the recent depression, he persuaded the people.
-
The Munich Conference was an agreement to annex portions of Czechoslovakia that inhibited German speakers.
-
The second global what that started in 1939 that included the major powers of the world.
-
-
-
It was a state of political tension after WWII between the US and The Soviet Union.
-
Led to the creation of the European Union after WWII. It was created as an attempt to prevent any future wars in Europe.
-
WWII ended in 1945 with the defeat of Japan and Germany. After WWII, the UN was created to attempt to keep peace and prevent any future genocides.
-
The North Atlantic Treaty was signed in 1949. It was a millitary alliance between the US and several European countries.
-
This organization which consisted of a few European countries was made to prevent any future wars between France and Germany.
-
Joseph Stalin, leader of Russia dies in March 5, 1953.
-
Also know as his "Secret Speech". He denounced Stalin's purges and wanted to change things in the Soviet Union.
-
A nationwide revolution against the government and the Soviet Union Policies. The revolution was crushed by the Soviet Union.
-
An organization to bring Economic integration between a few European countries.
-
Sputnik 1 was the first artifical satellite launched by the Soviet Union. This started the Space Race.
-
The collapse of the Fourth Republic of France. A new draft of the French Constitution was created.
-
It was a barrier constructed in 1961 to seperate East Germany and West Germany.
-
This council addressed the relationship between the Roman Catholic Church and the modern world.
-
This was a 13 day crisis in which the Soviet Union had missles deployed in Cuba. A blockade was sent to prevent any more missles from enterinf Cuba. This was the closest the Cold War came to a nuclear war.
-
Many reforms in Czechoslovakia against the Soviet Union that fought for citizen rights in 1968.
-
John Paul was elected as pope in 1978. He helped end communist rule in Europe.
-
The Afghan government seeked assistance of the Soviet Union to stop the rebels in their country. This led to a civil war in Afghanistan.
-
Solidarity was a trade union founded in Ppland in 1980. This was the first trade union in the Warsaw Pact countries not controlled by the Communist party.
-
Gorbachev came to power and attempted to change the Soviet Union through many reforms but failed.
-
In 1989, the Germans finally started demolishing the wall. This was part of a revolutionary wave to end Communism in Europe.
-
The Communists lost power across the country. Separists parties gained power and certain areas started to break apart.
-
The Soviet Union finally dissolved in 1991 into 15 countries and several countries abandoned communism.
-
It was a treaty to create an European Union and the creation of the currency, the Euro.
-
Europe's new currency, the euro was finally introduced on January 1, 1999.
-
Four planned terror attacks occurred in Septemeber 11, 2001. Four planes were hijacked and targeted the World Trade Center, Pentagon, and Washington D.C.
