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The rebirth of the classical knowledge of the Greek and Romans.
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Rulers of the city-state of Florence who made their fortune in trade and banking.
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The spread of humanism and other Renaissance ideas to Northern Europe.
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A version of humanism prominent in the Northern Renaissance. There was an emphasis on Jesus as a mortal man.
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Civil wars in England between the houses of Lancaster and York which eventually led to the strong government of the Tudors.
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King of England who ended the Wars of the Roses and founded the Tudor dynasty.
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An attack on non-Catholic people started by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain.
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The period of flourishing art techniques, beginning with Leonardo DaVinci's "The Last Supper".
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An agreement between Spain and Portugal to settle conflicts over discovered and explored land.
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King of England who began the English Reformation by declaring himself head of the Church of England in order to get a divorce.
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95 problems Martin Luther had with the Catholic church that sparked the Reformation.
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Holy Roman Emperor who tried to force Martin Luther to recant his teachings at the Diet of Worms.
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A war inspired by Martin Luther's teachings to end serfdom. The war horrified Martin Luther and he told the German princes to show no mercy on them.
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Holy Roman Emperor Charles V attacked the city of Rome, joined by members of the Spanish Infantry.
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English act of Parliament that declared Henry VIII as the supreme head of the Church of England.
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Act rhat required subjects to accept King Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boelyn.
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Reformer who was asked by the people of Geneva to rule over it after publishing his ideas on Predestination.
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Used John Calvin's ideas to set up his own society in Scotland.
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The catholic response to the reformation where some change occured but it was mostly just a resistance to the Orotestant reforms.
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A series of meetings responsible for the revival of the Roman Catholiv Church in parts of Europe.
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Age of Scientific Discovery that began with Galileo and continued on to Isaac Newton.
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A settlement that required each prince in Germany to define his principality as either Catholic or Lutheran.
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King of Spain who married Henry VIII's daughter Mary and could not produce an heir who could continue their Catholic policies.
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Queen of England who made the country into a major power and tried to ease religious tensions during her reign.
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2 acts that made Elizabeth I the Supreme Governor of the Church of England and attempted to satisfy the citizens of England.
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Conflicts between the Catholics and Huguenots that was ended by the Edict of Nantes.
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A successful revolt of the Protestants in the Netherlands against the Catholic Spanish king Phillip II, which resulted in the establishment of the Protestant Dutch Republic.
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The massacre of French Huguenots in Paris, planned by Catherine de Medici.
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A federation of 7 states that, in it's time, was the only major European power to maintain a republic form of government throughout the 17th Century.
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The last of the French wars of religion between Henry III, Henri I de Lorraine, and Henry of Bourbon.
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The defeat of Spain's navy by the English.
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The first Bourbon king of France who passed the Edict of Nantes.
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A document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots.
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Period of artisitic style created and sponsered by the Roman Catholic Church.
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Richelieu made Louis into an early absolute monarch. He also pushed France into the Thirty Years' War.
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The Habsburg nations of Spain and Austria devastated large areas of the Holy Roman Empire in order to defeat Bohemia and force them to be Catholic. They succeeded.
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Habsburg and Catholic victory against King Christian IV of Denmark.
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Conflict between the joined forces of Sweden and France against the Habsburgs, which led to a victory for the French.
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An absolute monarch who built up his army in order to gain power.
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Conflict between supporters of the monarchy and Parliamentarians which eventually ended the British monarchy.
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Mazarin ruled for the first part of Louis XIV's reign, but later Louis became an excellent absolute monarch and immersed France in war.
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A series of Peace Treaties signed to end the 30 Years' War that reconstructed European borders.
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A series of wide-ranging, uncoordinated revolts against Louis XIV's mother and Cardinal Mazarin.
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Charles was beheaded for treason after a trial controlled by his enemies found him guilty.
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He ruled as "Lord Protector" of England , Scotland, and Ireland.
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The last monarch of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty who died childless, causing the War of Spanish Succession
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An enlightened absolutist who expanded Russia's Navy and bettered the education system.
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Turkish attempt to defeat Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I.
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The revocation of the Edict of Nantes, which granted religious rights to Hueguenots.
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The age of reason where philosophes began to seek laws of human nature.
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A bloodless revolution that led to Parliament having more power and meeting annually.
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inspired by Montesquieu who believed in separation of powers.
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inspired by Voltaire who ridiculed the government and the Church and believed in Enlightened monarchy.
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Conflict after the death of Charles II, who had no children, over who would take the Spanish throne.
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Inspired by Rousseau who was committed to the idea of individual freedom.
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A document created to ensure that the Austrian throne would be inherited by Maria Theresa.
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Invasion of Austria by the army of Frederick II of Prussia.
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An enlightened absolutist who worked to reform her government and military.
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Enlightened monarch who expanded Prussia's territories with his strong military.
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Leader of the Haitian independence movement during the French Revolution.
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War on both the colonies and Europe between France and Britain in the colonies and Prussia, Austria, France, Russia, and Sweden in Europe.
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An enlightened absolutist who expanded Russia's territory and attempted social reform.
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An attempted enlightened ruler who could never pass his reforms.
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Rebellions in Russia that took place after Catherine the Great took the throne.
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The last king of France who was stripped of his title and guillotined.
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Louis XVI calls the meeting of the 3 Estates because France is running out of money.
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Members of the National Assembly vowed to not stop meeting until they had written a constitution for France.
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Citizens of France retaliating against Louis XVI's troops placed in Paris by storming the prison and stealing weapons, starting chaos.
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The period of chaos and unrest in France after the uprooting of the French monarchy.
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A law passed that enabled the new French government to take over the Church.
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The attempted flight of Louis XVI and his family from Paris which failed.
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The dictatorship ruling over France during the Reign of Terror.
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The attempt by Spain, Holland, Austria, Prussia, England and Sardinia to stop the French forces.
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Period of uncertainty and death intended to protect France from traitors or invaders.
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The parliamentary revolt that led to the fall of Maximilien Robespierre and the end of the Reign of Terror.
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A group of five men who held the executive power in France.
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The overthrowing of the Directory, which was replaced by the French Consolate.
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The period of time where the executive power in France consisted of 3 consuls, but Napoleon had all the real power.
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Period of time where Napoleon was conquering large amounts of Europe and making France an empire.
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An agreement between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII that defined the status of the Roman Catholic Church in France.
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A naval battle between England and France that France lost.
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A major victory for Napoleon against Russia and Austria.
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The defeat of Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
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Agreements that France signed with Russia and with Prussia at Tilsit, northern Prussia, after Napoleon destroyed them.
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Napoleon's invasion of Russia which led to the destruction of his Grande Armee
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The coalition armies of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Sweden, led by Tsar Alexander I of Russia defeated the French army.
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The assembly that reorganized Europe after the Napoleonic Wars.
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The 100 day period between Napoleon's return to France and the restoration of the French monarchy.
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Napoleon's final defeat by Britain.
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