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The black death was a plague from rats that were on imported from ships from Asia. It was the caused the death of 1/3 of Europe and thus a following economic boom. -
Period of relative peace and flourishing art and intellect throughout Italy. The Italian Renaissance lead to a great deal of art and culture, ending with the sacking of Rome -
In 1382 the Bible was translated into the vernacular by John Wycliffe. This helped to create more diversity among interpretations of the bible. -
The council held to resolve the dispute over who the pope was. Resolved in decision that Pope Martin V was the true pope. -
The printing press was invented by Gutenberg. The invention of it revolutionized the ability to print books, and helped to spur the Northern Renaissance. -
The ideas from the Italian Renaissance spread, leading to a Renaissance period in northern Europe that ended after the Thirty Years' War. The northern Renaissance brought a flourish of art and intellect in northern Europe. -
King Ferdinand, king of Spain, and Isabella, Queen of Castile, marry to end disagreements between the two countries. The marriage turns out to create one of the most successful couples that go on to make many advancements including in the new world. -
Period of European colonization and mercantilism which lasted from 1488 with the first European sailing around the Cape of Good Hope. It ended around the time of the American Revolution in 1776. -
Vast exchange of goods, culture, diseases, and ideas between Europe and the New World. It was caused by the Commercial Revolution. -
Columbus was not the first person to the new world but he was the first person to officially discover it. Columbus was sent by Ferdinand and Isabella for the country of Spain. -
It is a type of art associated with the Italian Renaissance. It is known for looking more artificial instead of capturing realistic versions of settings. -
Period of 'Hunting Witches' in small towns all over the world. Witches were used as excuses for bad things. -
Henry VIII of England separated the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church and established himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England. He did all of this because he wanted a new wife. -
Martin Luther posts his 95 thesis on a church door beginning the Reformation. He argued that indulgences are morally wrong. -
A diet in the Holy Roman Empire which produced the Edict of Worms. It declared Martin Luther and his following to be outlaws, and his religion banned. -
German peasants, inspired by Martin Luther, tried to revolt... They did not succeed. -
John Calvin creates Calvinism. Calvinism is a Protestant religion based on pre-destination. -
The Prince, by Machiavelli, is published. The novel explains what a good ruler should be. -
Catholic attempt to stop the Protestant religion. Catholics also attempted at this time to reform the Catholic church. -
She was known as "Bloody Mary". Very catholic ruler who was disliked in the public view because of her Catholic faith that caused her to execute protestants. -
The decree that the leader of a region may choose between Lutheranism and Catholic. "Cuius regio, eius religio" in the Holy Roman Empire. -
Art that highlights daily life using still lives. Still lives are paintings of inanimate objects that emphasized peasant life. -
Period of fighting within France between Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots). Resulted in the Edict of Nantes -
Elizabeth died and James became king of England and Ireland in a remarkably smooth transition of power. James was a strong advocate of royal absolutism. -
The revolts of the protestant Dutch against the Catholic Spain. It ended in Dutch separation from Spain. -
After the Dutch Revolts, dutch trade, science, and are were superior to nearly everyone else's at the time. Created an entire new art style along with many other new ideas. -
Style of art that was very grand and furnished. Very ornate. -
Politique who changed his religion and alter policies numerous times in order to keep good control of his citizens. He is rumored to have said, "Paris is well worth a Mass" -
An edict issued by Henry IV. It allowed Calvinists of France many rights in attempt to promote civil unity. -
Along with Cardinal Richelieu, one of the first absolute monarchs. He removed rights of Huguenots and he was involved in the Thirty Years' War against the Hapsburg. -
The War that ended the Reformation with the Treaty of Westphalia. It had 4 stages and was between Catholics and Protestants. -
Levied taxes without parliamentary consent. He was considered tyrannical by many, partially responsible for the English Civil War. -
Civil war in England which ended with the execution of King Charles, and the establishment of the Commonwealth by Oliver Cromwell. -
Centralized French government by building and maintaining nobles in Versailles. He waged successful wars, and revoked the Edict of Nantes. -
An economic bubble of Denmark that burst when the bank was forced to stop payment on paper noted. This ended up destroying their economy. -
War for Spain and France to unite against most of Europe. This ended with decision that Philip could be King of Spain, but not of France as well. -
Brilliant military strategist who lead Prussia in all successful campaigns during his reign. His entire rule was a success. -
War over whether Maria Theresa should keep the Austrian Throne. Ends with Maria Theresa keeping the Austrian Throne. -
Art that was painted in the classical Greek and Roman style. Neoclassicism depicted contemporary scenes. -
It was a French style. Rococo was very similar to the ornate baroque style of art. -
Ended with the Treaty of Paris of 1763. This marked the beginning of British Dominance outside Europe. -
King of France under whom the Revolution of France occurred. This eventually lead to his downfall. -
The first free flight carrying a human occurred in Paris, France in a hot air balloon made of paper and silk made by the Montgolfier brothers. The balloon carried two men, Francois Pilatrê de Rozier and Francois Laurent, Marquis of Arlanders. -
The Estates General meets in Versailles. It ends in the Tennis Court oath, sparking the French Revolution -
French nobles revoke their feudal power. In order to support the French Revolution and to avoid being persecuted by the peasants. -
Third Estates Generals formed a group against the French Monarchy. This eventually began a revolution. -
One of the meetings of the National Convention, the group that began the French Revolution. This happened after the National Convention was forced to use a Tennis Court after being locked out of their meeting place. -
Bastille is captured by peasants. This starts the rebellion. -
The documents that was influenced by the idea of 'Natural Rights' and declared what rights every human should have. Used to create many following laws, declarations, etc. -
Paris women rioted over high bread prices and so they ransacked the Palace of Versailles. This ended with King Louis XVI to return to Paris with them. -
The first full-scale working railway steam locomotive, was the 3 ft (914 mm) gauge Coalbrookdale Locomotive, built by Trevithick in 1802. It was constructed for the Coalbrookdale ironworks in Shropshire in the United Kingdom though no record of it working there has survived. -
Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor and enacted many contradictory laws and rules. Napoleon only lasts around 10 years. -
Napoleon I commissioned the triumphal arch in 1806—after his great victory at the Battle of Austerlitz (1805)—to celebrate the military achievements of the French armies. The arch, designed by Jean-François-Thérèse Chalgrin, is 164 feet (50 metres) high and 148 feet (45 metres) wide. -
The Great Potato Famine was caused by a failure of the potato crop, which many people relied on for most of their nutrition. A disease called late blight destroyed the leaves and edible roots of the potato plants in successive years from 1845 to 1849. -
France, German States, Austria, Italy all participated in the most widespread revolutionary wave in European History. The communist manifesto shook up middle class. -
Emphasis on leisure time in France and all over most of Europe. Consumerism led to the middle and upper classes mixing so they were almost indistinguishable from one another. -
The second industrial revolution was a faster continuation of the first. It tended to focus more on steel and production of bigger machines. -
Dynamite, the blasting explosive, was patented in 1867 by the Swedish physicist Alfred Nobel. Dynamite is based on nitroglycerin but is much safer to handle than nitroglycerin alone. -
France feared the new power of unified Germany. Began war over the rocky balance of power between the two European powers. -
European powers met to regulate European colonization and trade in Africa. Germany emerges as an imperial power. -
The Eiffel Tower was built to be one the main attractions at the Paris World's Fair in 1889. That year, the World's Fair covered the entire Champ de Mars in Paris and its focus was the vast constructions in iron and steel that were the great industrial advancement of that time. -
The first inaugural Olympic games took place in 1896 in Athens, Greece. There were only 43 different sporting events to compete in. -
Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. Her reign of 63 years and seven months was longer than any previous British monarch and was known as the Victorian era. -
The RMS Titanic, a luxury steamship, sank in the early hours of April 15, 1912, off the coast of Newfoundland in the North Atlantic after sideswiping an iceberg during its maiden voyage. Of the 2,240 passengers and crew on board, more than 1,500 lost their lives in the disaster. -
The decision of the Balkan League was prompted by Macedonia's rebellion in Ottoman-held territory. This rebellion caused waves in the region by demonstrating weakness in the Ottoman Empire. -
War between triple alliance and Triple Entente. Austria's prime minister is assassinated, Serbia gets issued and ultimatum and Germany gets cashed a blank check, France gets taken and Germany loses. -
Francis was heir to the imperial throne of the Austro-Hungarian empire. His assassination, provided the spark that ignited the Great War. -
The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Spearheaded by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress. -
The death of so many innocent civilians at the hands of the Germans galvanized American support for entering the war, which eventually turned the tide in favor of the Allies. -
A period of political and social revolution that took place in the former Russian Empire which began during the First World War. This period saw Russia abolish its monarchy and adopt a socialist form of government following two successive revolutions and a bloody civil war. -
The treaty's so-called “war guilt” clause forced Germany and other Central Powers to take all the blame for World War I. This meant a loss of territories, reduction in military forces, and reparation payments to Allied powers. -
Women during World War I were working in factories and doing the jobs of men. They began advocating for themselves and fighting for their rights. -
The Germans thought they had been tricked and betrayed, and they hated the Treaty. The Germans were also furious about the various terms of the Treaty. They hated clause 231 – the 'War Guilt' clause – which stated that Germany had caused 'all the loss and damage' of the war. -
Mussolini came to power as the prime minister of Italy and the National Fascist Party leader. At first, he ruled democratically and constitutionally, but in 1925, he turned Italy into a one-party, totalitarian state and ruled as Italy's dictator. -
Although the cause of the Civil War was the Treaty, as the war developed the anti-treaty forces sought to identify their actions with the traditional Republican cause of the "men of no property" and the result was that large Anglo-Irish landowners and some less well-off Southern Unionists were attacked. -
Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. -
In 1928, at St. Mary's Hospital, London, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin. This discovery led to the introduction of antibiotics that greatly reduced the number of deaths from infection. -
Time of economic ruin in Europe and America. Led to rise of many fascist leaders. -
Hitler the dictator of Germany from 1933 until his death in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party, becoming the chancellor in 1933 and then assuming the title of Führer und Reichskanzler in 1934 -
Hitler continues to invade other countries leading to second World War. Millions are murdered and Hitler commits suicide. This all led to disillusionment and anti-facist movement. -
Caused by the failure of Spanish democracy. This was because there was a refusal by the Spanish parties and groups to compromise and respect democratic norms. -
An intellectual war between America and Russia, the two super powers. Led to space race, many indirect wars and eventually the fall of communist Russia. -
On 27 January 1945, Auschwitz concentration camp—a Nazi concentration camp and extermination camp in occupied Poland where more than a million people were murdered as part of the Nazi's "final solution" to the Jewish question—was liberated by the Red Army during the Vistula–Oder Offensive. -
A conference held to allow the three leading Allies to plan the postwar peace, while avoiding the mistakes of the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. The participants were the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. -
King Victor Emmanuel III finally formally abdicated. His son briefly became King Umberto II, but the royal family was forced to leave the country a month later when a referendum decided in favour of a republic by 54 percent of the votes cast. -
The Tribunal convicted 19 of the defendants and acquitted three. Of those convicted, 12 were sentenced to death. Three defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment and four to prison terms ranging from 10 to 20 years. -
The Diary of a Young Girl, also known as The Diary of Anne Frank, is a book of the writings from the Dutch-language diary kept by Anne Frank while she was in hiding for two years with her family during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands. -
The Cold War began after the surrender of Nazi Germany in 1945, when the uneasy alliance between the United States and Great Britain on the one hand and the Soviet Union on the other started to fall apart. -
The Berlin Blockade was an attempt in 1948 by the Soviet Union to limit the ability of the United States, Great Britain and France to travel to their sectors of Berlin, which lay within Russian-occupied East Germany. -
The Marshall plan set aside $4 billion in aid for Western Europe. By the time the program ended nearly four years later, the United States had provided over $12 billion for European economic recovery. -
The Second Sex was a book written by Simone Beauvoir. It helped to explain women's role throughout history to the pigheaded men in charge and help women understand their roles within modern society. -
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created in 1949 by the United States, Canada, and several Western European nations to provide collective security against the Soviet Union. NATO was the first peacetime military alliance the United States entered into outside of the Western Hemisphere. -
A meeting in Geneva of the leaders of the U.S., France, Britain, and the Soviet Union that sought to end the Cold War. Such issues as disarmament, unification of Germany, and increased economic ties were discussed. -
After the launch of Sputnik the us launched "The Explorer." The Soviets responded with yet another launch, and the space race continued. The success of Sputnik had a major impact on the Cold War and the United States. -
Women started fighting for more equal rights in the workplace. Women also began to understand their rights to their own bodies along with access to abortion, birth control pills, and other means of contraception. -
Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom signed the Convention establishing the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), which would have its headquarters in Geneva. The Seven together accounted for a market of 90 million people. -
The was the first face-to-face meeting between the Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and the US President John F. Kennedy. The meeting allowed the two to form opinions of each other. -
The Berlin Wall was built by the German Democratic Republic during the Cold War to prevent its population from escaping Soviet-controlled East Berlin to West Berlin, which was controlled by the major Western Allies. -
Bloody Sunday, or the Bog side Massacre, was a massacre on 30 January 1972 when British soldiers shot 26 unarmed civilians during a protest march in the Bog side area of Derry, Northern Ireland. -
Peter's Square in Vatican City, Pope John Paul II was shot and wounded by Mehmet Ali Ağca while he was entering the square. The Pope was struck four times and suffered severe blood loss. -
The marriage of Charles and Diana, took place on 29 July 1981, marking a highpoint in the popularity of the Royal Family. It was seen by a global television audience of 750 million in 74 countries. -
The Prague Spring was a period of political liberalization and mass protest in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. It deepened the disillusionment of many Western leftists with Soviet views. It also contributed to the growth of Euro communist ideas in Western communist parties, which sought greater distance from the Soviet Union and eventually led to the dissolution of many of these groups. -
The Channel Tunnel is a 50.46-kilometre railway tunnel that connects Folkestone with Coquelles beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover. It is the only fixed link between the island of Great Britain and the European mainland. -
Pan Am Flight 103 was a regularly scheduled Pan Am transatlantic flight from Frankfurt to Detroit via a stopover in London and another in New York City. The transatlantic leg of the route was operated by Clipper Maid of the Seas, a Boeing 747-121 registered N739PA. It exploded over Scotland and killed 270 people. -
The head of the East German Communist Party announced that citizens of the GDR could cross the border whenever they pleased. That night, ecstatic crowds swarmed the wall. -
The German Democratic Republic ceased to exist, and five new federated states on its former territory joined the Federal Republic of Germany. East and West Berlin were reunited and joined the Federal Republic as a full-fledged federated city-state. -
The Soviet hammer and sickle flag lowered for the last time over the Kremlin, thereafter replaced by the Russian tricolor. Earlier in the day, Mikhail Gorbachev resigned his post as president of the Soviet Union, leaving Boris Yeltsin as president of the newly independent Russian state. -
During 1989 and 1990, the Berlin Wall came down, borders opened, and free elections ousted Communist regimes everywhere in eastern Europe. In late 1991 the Soviet Union itself dissolved into its component republics. With stunning speed, the Iron Curtain was lifted and the Cold War came to an end.