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Ends civil war between two houses; first permanent royal army; gains Brittany by marriage; Concordat of Bologna (control of clergy appointments)
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War between houses of Lancaster and York for control of English throne. Ultimately both lines went extinct and the Tudors took over.
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Kievan Rus (around Ukraine) under Mongol suzerainty; Dutchy of Moscow gains power --> Ivan the Great expands territory by adapting Mongol institutions
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Aragon and Castile remain independent but share foreign policy after marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella; Govern through royal council and exclude nobles; complete Reconquista by taking Granada; expel Jews and do Inquisition to find secret Jews, ally with everyone that can help defend against France
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Govern through royal council over Parliament; appoint professional classes to council instead of nobility; negotiate instead of waging war; marry with Catherine of Aragon for legitimacy
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Conquest of Aztecs and Incas; Spanish empire; transatlantic slave trade; sugar plantations in Caribbean
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Henry VIII splits with Catholic church because Charles V forces pope to deny his divorce requests; Anglicanism creates bureaucratic state
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Through multigenerational marriage alliances, he inherited Holy Roman Empire, Spain + Spanish colonial holdings; pretty much everyone but France and Ottomans were his ally; super Catholic, champion of the counter-reformation but failed to stop Reformation
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peasants --> serfs; expand territory with Cossack (independent warrior band) support; purge nobility and replace with service nobility
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Following Bloody Mary, Elizabeth I institutes Anglican orthopraxy to accomodate both Anglicans and Catholics; prosperity; wrecks Spanish Armada; eliminates Catholic Mary Queen of Scots;
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Calvinism spreads in Spanish-held Netherlands --> riots + violent suppresion --> civil war between Catholic and Calvinist provinces --> Northern United Provinces becomes Protestant and south stays Spanish and Catholic
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Henri le Grand + Louis XIII; gradual centralization via intendents, infrastructure
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Elizabeth has no heir --> Stuart kings --> King vs Parliament on taxation needed to put down Scottish and Irish revolts --> civil war --> Parliament (aka Oliver Cromwell) wins --> Protectorate = military dictatorship --> Restored monarchy too Catholic for Anglican parliament --> Glorious Revolution
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Ends Russian time of troubles; Conquer Siberia; fur trade; continues crushing serfs
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Ferdinands consolidate their empire after 30 Year's War; establish direct rule of Bohemia; reconquers Hungary but fails to establish total control
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create of Prussia from scattered territories; coopt nobility to fund army; create military state
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Absolutism; Versailles; Expensive wars
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Westernization; Building St. Petersburg to import Western culture and contain nobles; conquer Sweden with difficulty; crush peasants; beard trimming
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War of Austrian Succession --> Prussia conquers Silesia from Austria
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Maria Theresa = old-fashioned absolutist
- church, agricultural and administrative reforms
Joseph II
- abolishes serfdom, lets peasants pay landlords in cash --> huge disaster, peasant revolts -
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Promotes enlightenment learning; modest legal reforms --> Cossack revolt --> crushes serfs; partition of Poland
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Calling of estates general to thermidorian reaction
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Coup of 18 Brumaire to Congress of Vienna