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Battle of Fallen Timbers
Over 5000 troops follow General "Mad" Anthony Wayne to the Battle of Fallen Timbers in which they defeated a confederation of Native American tribes including Ottawa, Delaware, Ojibwa, Shawnee, and Miami. The defeat eventually lead to the Treaty of Greenville and the land overtaken north of the Ohio River. -
Indian Removal Act
American Indian tribes were encouraged by President Jackson to move across the Mississippi River to have expanded lands and closer relationships with their tribes adn clans. When colonists and frontiermen wanted more land and believed that the American Indians were taking too long to relocate, the Inidan Removal Act was put into place and eventually lead to the Trail of Tears -
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Indian Removal
Starting with President Martin van Buren sending troops to Georgia to assist in forcing thousands of Cherokee Indians to move from their lands to the reserved land in modern-day Oklahoma, the Indian Removal consisted of roughly 4 years of a transformation from the cotton-rich lands in the east to the land purchased in the Louisiana Purchase. The Indian Removal was promoted by Jackson and then signed into act in 1830. -
Trail of Tears
The first group of Cherokees that were living in the east finally gave up the resistance and began the migration to the designated land west of the Mississippi River. This passive movement from one region to another lead to many deaths (over 1,500 Cherokee passed during the voyage), illnesses, feelings of social and self-defeat and disrespect between the American Indian tribes and the budding United States government. -
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Boarding Schools
The first boarding school opened on a reservation in Washington by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The intention was to promote assimilation and provide education and ways to reform the children into the American lifestyle. Thousands of children were removed from their home and sent to these boarding schools. Finally in 1978, ICWA was passed and made it possible for parents to deny the right of going to schools off the reservation. -
Carlisle Indian School
More than 80 children were removed from the Dakota tribe and sent to a school in Carlisle, Pennsylvania with Richard Henry Pratt. Pratt had previously supervised American Indian prisoners and developed a theories for assimilation and education procedures. Carlisle is the most famous off-reservation boarding school. Hundreds of children contracted diseases while away at schools similar to this, including measles, homesickness, and pneumonia. -
The Major Crimes Act
This act was out in place to legalize federal jurisdiction over Native American governments if one or more of seven identified major crimes were committed by a Native American against another within their Native territory. The seven crimes include: larceny, murder, arson, burglary, manslaughter, assault with intent, and rape. It was passed in response to the Supreme Court's recognition of tribal sovereignty and an overturned ruling on the conviction of Crow Dog for the murder of his chief. -
Creation of NCAI
The National Congress of American Indians met for the first time in Denver. The NCAI was created to monitor the role of American Indians in the continuously change modern United States. The Congress is built upon the Society of American Indians (1911) as well as other organizations. They stood holy opposed to the termination policy put in place by the United States government. -
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Termination Policy
During this timespan, more than 100 tribes were affected. Termination policy pushed for the United States federal laws, rights and consequences expanded to cover those living on Indian Territory. When in effect the sacred land was no longer protected and land was sold to non-natives, leaving many without homes and to the dismantling of tribes. Neither the tribes or the state governments agreed with the policy. -
Indian Relocation Act
This act was passed as an attempt to get American Indians to move inward to the cities. The hope was that they would gain skills required for labor or vocational jobs and assimilate into the general population. The government promised assistance in moving as well as financially for those willing to leave the reservations. -
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Hawthorne Report
This was a two volume report that was published, labeling American Indians as "citizens-plus". The meaning behind "citizens-plus" provides American Indians with the rights and protection of Canadian citizens but also held tribal and native rights in addition. The report called for treaty protection, recognition of self-government abilities, as well as funding and land claims. -
ICWA
The Indian Child Welfare Act was passed in order to protect the rights of children in American Indian tribes. It was passed in response the unethically high number of children being removed from their homes and families during the boarding school era (roughly 60,000 in 1970).