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Halted the flow of white slaves from the Black Sea Region and the Balkans.
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Here he meetsnew land and makes different discoberies, many people died due to diseases
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A printer in Barcelona published and it spread within a year
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Genoese merchant living in London discovered newfound land
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spanish missionary urged the future emperor to end Indian slavery and imported Blacks into the Americas.
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Francis sold public offices andsigned the Concordat of Bologna which recognized the supremacy of thepapacy in return forthe right to appoint french bishops
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Brought to replace Indian slavery was promoted by the missionary las Casas.
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Sailed southwest accross the Atlantic for Charles V of Spain, he claimed the Western Isles for Spain and proved Earth was round and larger than Columbus had estimated.
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On an expedition returning to Spain. Verified his theory.
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Ottoman had a victoryat Mohacs which enabled the Turks toadd Hungary to their expandingempire
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Crushed the Inca Empire andestablished the Spanish viceroyalty of Peru
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Brought ideas to the ignorant people and brought the enlightment to its highest stage of development in France
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During his reign, Frederick William I did much to centralize and improve Prussia. He replaced mandatory military service among the middle class with an annual tax, established primary schools, and resettled East Prussia
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Brought in growth in the market for books, this is where it increased in the fields of art and science and resulted on individual and private reading
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Ended the long conflict of the Habsburg-Valois wars, Spain was the victor
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Spanish victory and lead toa variety of European wars centering on religious and national issues
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represented key aspects of the new instruments and helped improve it.
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Ottoman rose to rulle a vast dynamic empire encompassing many different peoples and ethnic group.
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Because of the Turks western advance had stopped.
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Became one and the Spanish administrative forms were introduced.
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Did not end war, but prevented Philip from unifying western Europe
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Inherited an enourmous mess. Converted to Catholicism and sought better relationship with the Pope. Tried to gain Protestant confidence.
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Examined motion and mechanics. Formulated the law of inertia
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nlightenment thinkers in Britain, in France and throughout Europe questioned traditional authority and embraced the notion that humanity could be improved through rational change. The Enlightenment produced numerous books, essays, inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars and revolutions. The American and French Revolutions were directly inspired by Enlightenment ideals and respectively marked the peak of its influence and the beginning of its decline.
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one of the most important royal houses of Europe and is best known for being an origin of all of the formally elected Holy Roman Emperors between 1438 and 1740, as well as rulers of the Austrian and Spanish Empires and several other countries
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Greatest propagandist for the new experimental method
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Granted the Huganots liberty of consience and liberty of public worship in 150 fortified towns.
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Create a temporary situation of religious tolerance
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hypothesis that the sun, rather than the earth, was at the centre of the universe. Copernicus theorised that the stars and planets, including the earth, revolved around a fixed sun. He worked on it from 1506-1530, but it wasn't published until the year of his death in 1543
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Baroque style kicks in Italy and developed with exceptional vigor in Catholic countries
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an annual fee paid by royal officials to guarantee heredity in their offices.
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Had enourmous wealth and it dominated the Europen economy in 1650
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Kept at war for 33 years had a modern army because had actual soldiers.
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Made several voyages and explored the St lawrence region of Canada
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Died this year, but she was one of the riches people in England
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Formulated three famous laws of planetary motion.. That the orbits of the planets around the sun are elptical rather than circular.
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Son of a wealthy merchant and came to manage the entire royal administration and proved himself a financial genius
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Protestanism is decrumbled in Bohemia by the Habsburgs
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Spanish absolutism had preceded the French and in the sixteenth century, Spain (Kingdom of Castile) developed the standard features of absolute monarchy
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Started to take effect at this time. Speculated the theoreticalmathematical sides of modern science. Cam up with the 3 laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation
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Enlightened monarchs embraced the principles of the Enlightenment, especially its emphasis upon rationality, and applied them to their territories. They tended to allow religious toleration, freedom of speech and the press, and the right to hold private property. Most fostered the arts, sciences, and education.
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the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed views of society and nature.
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The greatest accomplishment of medieval agriculture was the open-field system of village agriculture developed by European peasants
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QueenChristina of Sweeden encouraged art and science and she invited many forreing artists and scholars to visit her court
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European agriculture was much more ancient and medieval, In crisis years, when crops were ruined by drought or flood, starvation forced people to use substitutes—the “famine foods” of a desperate population
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Artist and writers imitated the subject matter and style of classical antiguity
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Stuart kings of England lacked the political wisdom of Elizabeth.
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The state must be governed according to law not royal decree
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Desire for glory and the weakness of his German neighbors encouraged Louis expansionist policy, but he paid a high price for his acquisitions.
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In England, open fields were enclosed fairly but other historians argue that because large landowners controlled Parliament, which made laws, they had Parliament pass hundreds of “enclosure acts” each that authorized the fencing of open fields in a given village and the division of the common in proportion to one’s property in the fields
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The growth of population contributed to the development of industry in rural areas; manufacturing with hand tools in peasant cottages and workshed grew—peasants had always made clothing, processed some food, and constructed some housing
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was a political system associated with kings such as Louis XIII and, more particularly, Louis XIV. Absolutism or absolute monarchical rule was developing across Europe during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
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helped set the foundations for the Russian “Westernization” in the 19th and 20th centuries. Known for her intelligence and ambitions to rule the Russian Empire, Catherine not only challenged the social norms of the time but also set the precedent for women in powerful positions. Catherine ruled through corruption, scandal, political reforms, and land expansion.
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Members believed that taxation without consent was despotism, which they attempted to limit royal power
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Before 1700 coal was used for heat but not to produce mechanical energy or to run machinery. Steam power enabled the textile industry to expand
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A canal building boom greatly enhaced the growing market, alot of development was taking place
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Was the pioneer in industrialization which was largely unplanned and with no precedent. Available capital, stable government,economic freedom, and mobile labor In England encouraged growth.
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Industrialization proceeded gradually with uneven jerks and national and regional variations.
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European peasants could improve their position by taking land from those who owned buy did not labor but powerful forces stood ready to crush any protest
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Growing demands for textiles led to the creation of the world’s first large factories. This exploitation led to reform and humanitarian attitudes toward children.
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Peter the Great found it.Peter the Great, under his kind of monarchial absolutism, was interested primarily in military power and after gaining a large mass of Ukraine from Poland and completing the conquest of the tribes of all Siberia,
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Difficult to compete against Britain because it was so economically and technological advanced.
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Railroad boom meant lower transportation costs, larger markets, and cheaper goods.
Changed the outlook and values of the entire society -
The search for solution to the energy problem was a major cause of industrialization. Major sources were plants and animals. Energy from the land was limited.
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Great Exposition, held in the Crystal Palace reflected the growth of industry and population in Britain
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This theory centers on the claim that women saw division of labor as the best strategy for family survival in the industrializing society
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Brought order and stability to France but betrayed the ideals of the revolution by violating the rights of free speech and press and free elections.
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Railroad boom meant lower transportation costs, larger markets, and cheaper goods.
Changed the outlook and values of the entire society -
the creartor of the Methodists.
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Wanting bigger positions in overseas commerce, independent merchants in many countries began campaigning against “monopolies” and called for “free trade”
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Austria expanded to the southwest intoHungary and Transylvannia at the expense of the Ottoman Empire
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bread prices made the poor rise to action. This uprising of the masses saved the National Assembly
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Industry and population
Great Exposition, held in the Crystal Palace reflected the growth of industry and population in Britain -
Defeated Austria and made peace with Britain the two remaining members of the Second Coalition. He reorganized the German states into the Confederation of the Rhine.
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Commonly held ideas about population that are wrong included the idea that people married young and had large families and societies were so ignorant that they could do nothing to control the numbers and that population was always growing too fast
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The two main participants in the putting-out system were the merchant capitalist and the rural worker—the merchant loaned, raw materials to several cottage workers, who processed the materials in homes and returned the finished product to the merchant
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In Boston men disguised as Indians had a rowdy’tea party’ and threw the company’s tea into the harbor. This lead to extreme measures. The so-called Coercive Acts closed the port of Boston,curtailed local elections and town meetings and greatly expanded the royal governor’s power. The Coercive Acts of 1774 were intended to punish the colony in general and Boston in particular, both for the Tea Party and for the pattern of resistance it exemplified.
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A war foe independence. The British wanted the Americans to pay their share of imperial expenses. Due to the fact Americans paid low taxes. Parliament passed the Stamp Act to raise revenue. This impacted Europe by reinforcing the enlightment idea that a better world was possible.
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Introduced many French laws,abolished feudal dues and serfdom in the process. Beginning of the end for Napoleon came with the Spanish revolt and the British blockage.
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the Protestant revival. called for a warm, emotional religion, priesthood of all believers, and Christian rebirth(incarnation)
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Liberty meant human rights and freedoms and the sovereignty of the people. Liberals demanded that citizens rights had no limit except those that assure rights to others. Most liberals did not extend such rights to women
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Louis XVI plan to tax landed property was opposed by the National Assembly of Notables and the Parlement of Paris. Two-thirds of the delegates from the clergy were parish priests.
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Belief of emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life
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Government was given important powers-the right to tax, the means to enforce its laws, and the regulation of trade-but the states had important powers too.
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The revolt of the poor and the oppressed. Rising bread prices stirred the people to action. The people took the Bastille and the king was forced to recall
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American Revolution influenced Europeans but the latter was more violent and more influential. Thus, opening the era of modern politics. The French banking system could not cope with the fiscal problems, leaving the monarchy to increase taxes. The first estate was the clergy, then the nobility, and ending with the commoners.
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Fear among European kings and nobility that the revolution would spread resulted in the Decleration of Pillnitz which threatened the invasion of France by Austria and Prussia.
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In France 1791 Jews began to gain equal civil rights. German Jews were given increased rights
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Louis had previously attempted to escape from France in June 1791. He was caught ,from there we saw the fall of the monarchy after the attack on the Tuileries by insurgents, Louis was arrested, interned in the Temple prison with his family, tried for high treason before the National Convention, convicted and condemned to death by a slight majority
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Representing the Workers, he came to dominate the Revolution. This was the period of the Jacobin government, which lasted from June 1793 to Robespierre’s overthrow in July 1794; the months when the common people became briefly the masters of the first French republic, which had been proclaimed in September 1792. It is known as the Terror.
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Was overthrown and arrested by the National Convention. This lead to execute him and that’s when the Reign of Terror ended
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This marked the return of liberalism. Economic control were abolished, the poor were put down and rural women brought back the Catholic church and worship
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Was named first council of the republic. He maintained order and worked out important compromises.
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a doctor who discovered a vaccination against smallpox using cowpox
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the idea the prices should be "fair" for the consumers and producers and that the prices should be regulated by the government if neccessary.
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began as a club. believed in Pietism. their name came from the metholodical way they thought.
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the people of The Society of Jesus. They were catholic and became very powerful in the church and politics
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the process of taking laxitives to have more bowel movements to empty the body of harmful illnesses. this became very populare among the wealthy
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a society in which people had greater access to finished goods and are also focused around their consuming practices at well as their working practices.
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injection of smallpox puss into the body to prevent the body from taking ill due to the disease
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Was a disaster for Napoleon-over 500,000 died or were taken prisoners
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Each people had its own genius and its own cultural unity
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The corn laws were tarrifs on imported garins, it raised the prices
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Formed by Austria Prussia Russia in september 1815. Became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe
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Began in France Selfish individualism and spliting in the community into isolated fragments
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More than 60 million people left europe
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These decrees required the thirty-eight german member states to root out subversive ideas in their universities and newspapers
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Led to the British acquisition of hong kong and the opening of four cities to trade
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Many Asians became exploited laborers Asian migration led to racist reactions
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Many people wanted a strong national leader who would serve all the people and help them economically. Elected president of France in 1848
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Active in the revolution, he wrote the Capital, the weighty exposition of his socialist theories
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Paris was transfomed by the urban planning of Haussmann and became a model city
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"Romantic Love" had triumphed over econimic consideration in the workinng class
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The conditions of the working classes improve, people start to take action on all the crowdedness and pollution.
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japan was afeudal society, with a figurehead emperor and a military governor
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theory that germs caused diseases and that there was going to be a major breakthorugh, led to invention of vaccinations
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Qing Dynasty appeared to havefailed; foreigners had not been reppelled and rebellion and chaos wracked the country
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US CIVIL WAR fought between the United States of America and the Confederate States of America, a collection of eleven southern states that left the Union in 1860 and 1861 and formed their own country in order to protect the institution of slavery.
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Reinforced the concept of free labor.
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Reinforcedd the concept of free labor
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Western navies attacked, weakining the shogun so that patriotic samurai seized control of the government
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He codified the rules of chemistry in the periodic law and the periodic table.
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Bismarck used a patriotic war against France to bring S Germany into the union. Napolean was captured and France was forced to accept harsh peace terms
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Was a union of 25 German states governed by a chancellor (Bismark) and a parliament (Reichtag)
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Germany was the most powerful European country 1871. The three emperors Leaugue (Austria, Russia, Germany)created in 1873 to maintain the status quo. Italy joined Germany and Austria in the Triple Alliance. Russian German reinsurance treaty promised neutrality by each state if anywere attacked
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Laid ground rules for this new imperialism. European claims to African territory had to be based on military occupation.
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William II dismissed Bismark to try to win the support of the workers, but he couldnt stem the rising tide of socialism.
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In Britain the % of population living in cities of 20,000 or more jumped from 17% in 1801to 54% in 1891
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MANY PEOPLE LIVED IN SEWERAGE AND EXCREMENT
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Housing was crowded and poor and living comditions unhealthy
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Boxer traditionalists casued violence and harsh european reaction. Revolutionary modernizers overthrew the Qing Dynasty
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Led by David Lloyd George, the Liberal party ushered in social-welfare legislation by taxing the rich
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Serbia lookingto solidify its hood in Bosnia
Serbias dispute wiht Bulgair overthe spoilsof victor led the 2nd war -
World trade was 25 times what it had been in 1800, meant an interlocking economy centered in directed by Europe
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Universal male suffrage was the rule, and women were beginning to demand the right to vote, too.
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British economy was largely a planned economy after the home front
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After the marchrevolution, Russia became the freest country in the world
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Lennin believed that revolution was needed to get rid of capitalism.Russian Marxists beam divided over Lennins theories. Lennin led an attack against the Provisignal govt but failed
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Wanted war in hopes of a democratic reform. Losses and mistakes pointedto weak leadership of the Tsar and unresponsiveness of Russian govt. Food shortages led to revolutions
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German populance was weary of war, and the German army was decisively defeated in the second Battle of the Marne
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Trotsky engineered a Soviet overthrow of the provisional government
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The officers of the old army (Whites) organized the opposition to the Bolsheviks (red)
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Led to a victory for the moderate socialists. There was little popular support fora radical revolution
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Socialist parties were firmly establisnhed in Sweden and Norway
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Rutherford split the atom. Subatomic particles were identified the neutron. More knowledge about the universe
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The economy of Russia had been destroyed.
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Cubism was found nonrepresentation art turned away from nature Dadaismand surrealism became prominent
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Germany joined the League of Nations
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It was to increase industrial and agricultural production was extremely ambitious,but Stalin wanted to erase the NEP, spur the economy, and catch up with the West.
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Started with the american stock market crash, net investments in factoriesand farmsfell while share prices soared thousand of poeple had to sell their shares
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It was the largest in the Reichstag- having 38% of the total.
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The Enabling Act of March 1933 gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power
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Rooseveltsgoal was to reform capitalism especiallyby aiding the farmers by raising agricultural prices and restricting production
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Hitler voiced his intention to overturn an unjust system
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The Nuremberg Laws deprived Jews of their citizenship.
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The key to Hitlers military success was speed and force (the blitzkrieg)
He crushed Poland and France. The Nazi ruled nearly all of Europe except Britain. -
The allies had three policies that led them to victory.
The US concentrated on European victory first, then Japan,
The British put military needs before political questions avoiding conflict over postwar settlements. -
He wanted to conquer more land and building a New Order
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Began during the Second World War. The wartime allies (US, Soviet Union, Britain) began to quarrel as soon as the Nazi threat lessened.
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Eastern Europes political, economic, and social developments were slow and uneven.
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Truman demanded free elections throughout eastern Europe, but Stalin refused. He believed that eastern European states must not be anti-Soviet.
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Scientists worked for their governments to help fight the war, it led to major technological breakthroughs (radar, jet engines, atomic bombs,and computers)
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The US fromed an anti-Soviet military alliance of Western governments, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); in return Stalin united his satellites in the Warsaw pact
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After World War II almost all women had to go outside the home to find cash income. In Eastern Europe, women were even more employable.
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Stalin died in 1953; Khrushchev and fellow reformers won the leadership of Russia then denounced Stalin.
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School segregation was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court
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Re-Stalinization began with Khrushchavs fall.
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Postwar moods of pessimism relativismand alienation. Focused onthe complexity and irrationality of the human mind
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The Polish economy suffered greatly because of poor leadership and the world depression
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The Polish economy suffered greatly because of poor leadership and the world depression.
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Strikes in August led to revolutionary demands, which were accepted by the government in the Gdansk Agreement
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When solidarity lost its cohesiveness, the Polish communist leadership under Jaruzelski smashed the movement and imposed martial law. Solidarity went underground and fought on with great popular support.
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Mikhail Gorbachev worked to democratize the Soviet Union, increase Soviet productivity, and end its control over eastern Europe.
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The Soviet occupation of Czechoslovakia in August 1968was the most important event in the Brezhnev era.
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Led to the collapse of communism in eastern Europe. A series of anti-communist revolts spread across Eastern Europe.
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The moderate Gorbachev was in between hard-line communist and revolutionary democrats and anti-communists.
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The Maastricht Treaty of 1990 established the rules for a single currency. Single currency (monetary union) is seen as a step toward political unity to come.
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Poland had a thriving free-market economy and a strong democratic system in place.
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Emerged the xpansion of knowledge started to make people start reaseaching but haf no impact at this time
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Population growth was especially dramatic after about 1750—caused by fewer deaths
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The bloodiest conflict in American History. Northern victory was due to superior resources, to the disillusionment of ordinary whites in the south
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Karl Marx and Friendrick Engels published the Communist Manifesto
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Britains concentration on its national market aided its economic recovery
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It eased European disputes
