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people abandon nomadic lifestyle and create agricultural communities
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ziggurats, polytheistic
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Sargon of Akkad conquered Sumer, cuneiform
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Abraham leads Jews out of Egypt
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Hammurabi's code
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developed along Yellow River, metallurgy
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nomadic, horse-power, weaponry, developed Hinduism, the caste system
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new powerhouse of Mesopotamia
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Bantu people migrate and spread language and agricultural knowledge, migrate for environmental reasons
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defeat Babylonians, advanced iron weaponry
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polytheistic, irrigation systems, large-scale building
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defeated Shang dynasty, created by Wu Wang, Mandate of Heaven, the feudal system
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rise after fall of Akkad, Assyrians have northern Mesopotamia and Babylon had southern portion, capital at Nineveh, military power
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access to the coast, no river valley, seafood diet
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Babylonians, Medes, and Chaldeans defeat Assyrians, King Nebuchadnezzar restores Babylon to former glory
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the birth of many religions and ideologies
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monotheistic, one of the oldest religion, based on good vs. evil
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Cyrus the Great rebels against Medes and creates the Persian empire
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Confucius, filial piety, prosperity, kindness
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creates Royal Roads and satraps
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republic- patricians and plebians, slavery, 12 tables of Rome
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unite Greek city-states against Persia
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Athens becomes a cultural center, Delian League (an alliance of Greek city-states)
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constant fighting in China, no central government, the emergence of Daoism, Legalism, Confucianism, Qin, Han, and Zhao are 3 of the 7 warring states
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Athens and Sparta fight for power, Athens hit by the plague and is defeated at Syracuse, Sparta does not destroy Athens, Macedonians defeat Sparta slightly afterwards
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Philip III of Macedon defeats Athens but promotes Greek culture
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death of Alexander the Great leads to fragmentation of the Macedonian empire but Greek culture flourishes
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united Aryan tribes under Ashoka, Ashoka Maurya converts to Buddhism
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city-states, pyramids, gained slaves but not territory
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Gains more power after Macedonian decline
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Rome vs. Carthage over Sicily, Rome wins
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empire crumbles, economic failure, invasions
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ends of warring states period, Great Wall of China, Legalism
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Carthage almost destroys Rome
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nomadic prior to unification, use of Silk Road, Confucianism, paper
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Rome burns Carthage to the ground
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jews forced out of Rome
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economic warfare
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Constantine ends Christian persecution in Rome
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Chandra Gupta, revive fallen Mauyran empire, smaller and less centralized, Golden Ages
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the eastern portion of the Roman empire, Justinian's code--- preserved Roman legal principals
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divides into east and west, east thrives, west declines, inflation, political tension, invasions of Attilia Huns and pressures from Germanic Tribes
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sold gold for Muslim traders for salt
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the period after the fall of Rome and prior to Renaissance, feudalism, Catholicism
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Siddhartha Gautama, suffering to reach enlightenment/ Nirvana
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built Grand Canal, short-lived empire
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replaced Sui Dynasty, tribute system, gunpowder, Buddhism spreads
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Muhammad, Mecca and Medina, 5 Pillars, Ka'ba
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adopted Chinese bureaucratic and legal reforms to create a more centralized government
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capital at Damascus, Islamic state, Muslim, Sunni control, 4 calips, Arab is official language
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an aristocratic family in Japan, Heian period (literature flourishes)
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overran Umayyad dynasty due to Shia assertion into leadership, capital at Baghdad, Islamic Golden Age, trade, expansion, flourishing, preservation of Western (Persian) culture
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collection of city-states of Slavic people, the birth of Russia
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When Tang weakens, Vietnam is freed from the tribute system
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Confucianism, the rise of Buddhism, extensive bureaucracy, education, major urban population of its time
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created by Charlemagne, feudalism, 3rd Rome
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Church divides, Roman Catholicism dominates west and Orthodox Christianity dominates east
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goal to attain Holy Land (Jerusalem) from Muslim rule, unsuccessful, spread Bubonic plague
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Minamoto Yoritomo established a military government/shogunate in Japan, Code of Bushido for samurai
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nomadic people from Mongolia, ruthless, Pax Mongolia (peace after domination), Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Tamerlane, destroyed cities, Mongolization, diffused Bubonic plague
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Muslim rule in India, convert Hindus to Islam,
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east African kingdom, gold
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Mansa Musa, Muslims, cultural center at Timbuktu
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conquered Song dynasty, ruled by Kublai Khan, Mongol control, first foreign-led Chinese empire
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the conflict between France and England resulting in English withdrawal from France
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central Mexico, capital at Tenochtitlan, string army, tribute system, expansion, human sacrifice
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arose after fall of Mongols (Yuan), rebirth of Chinese traditional culture
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the west coast of Africa, centralized, trade relations with Portugal
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strong army, bureaucracy, unified language, human labor, peasants, great builders, Machu Pichu temples
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conquer Constantinople, Muslim, rule over present-day Turkey, end Byzantine empire
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led by Philip II, the goal to oust heretics such as Christians and Muslims from Portugal and Spain
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finds Cuba and west indies
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transatlantic transfer of people, animals, goods, slaves, food, technology, religion, guns key products- sugar and silver
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divided newly discovered lands between Portugal and Spain
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people begin to travel and seek new land
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challenging Catholicism, Martin Luther, John Calvin
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Cortez leads forces to defeat Aztec empire
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defeats Delhi Sultanate, Muslim, Babur, Akbar, India
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enacted under Henry VIII, nullified Pope's power, Henry VIII goes to become head of the church in England, all so Charles VIII can divorce his wife who cannot have kids
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goal to clarify Catholic teachings to meet Protestant challenges, counter-reformation
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Ivan III declares Russia free from Mongol rule, Ivan the Terrible (IV), absolute rule, unification, expansion eastward, czar
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sought to end the conflict between Roman Catholics and Lutherans in Germany
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arts, commercial expansion, exploration, colonization of new world
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Ottoman leader, built large military, supported arts, Golden Age
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Sir Isaac Newton, Galileo, math and science of the rise
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the capital moved to Edo, Christian persecution, recent European influence
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no czar of Russia, after the death of Ivan the Terrible,
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becomes czar after the time of troubles, ruthless rule
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war in Central Europe between Catholics and protestants
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defeat Ming dynasty, foreign-led Chinese empire, Qing were from Manchu
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after the death of Charles I, no monarch, Oliver Cromwell rises to power and becomes Lord and Protector of England
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wealth through gold trade, organized military, expansion
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prevents arrests without due process, enacted by Charles II
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begins with William and Mary who are Protestants, they sign Bill of Rights
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Peter the great and Cathrine the great, supported enlightenment, education, culture, serfdom, limited growth to the merchant class
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French and Britain fight over colonies, the British win
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appeal to colonies to fight for independence from Britain
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proposes ideas of capitalism
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begins in Britain, new technology, James Watt improves steam engine, Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection, Thomas Edison creates lightbulb, factory system, women and children work in factories more, bad work conditions and pay, create new social classes where the working class is on bottom
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military leader, initiated agricultural, infrastructure, and education reforms, religious toleration, Napoleonic Code gave more rights to men, conquer Austria, Spain, Holy Roman Empire, Portugal, parts of Italy
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peasants don't have enough power, peasants made up the 3rd estate of Estates- General, 3rd estate created National Assembly, National Assembly discontinues feudal system, starts religious toleration, recognizes natural rights, beheads royal family, seeks to end the monarchy, raids Bastille, guillotine
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revolutionists free Haiti from French rule
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democracy in colonies
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sought to balance European power, reduced French border to pre-Napoleonic time, instituted an absolute rule, disregarded French revolutionary ideals, wanted to restore the monarchy
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failure to conquer Russia devastates France who exiles Napoleon, Napoleon returns from exile and suffers defeat at Waterloo where he is forced to stay in exile for good
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Karl Marx publishes Communist Manifesto, leads to ideas of communism and socialism, claim working class will take control of production
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increase pay, better working conditions, no child labor, labor unions made sure things things were upheld or protested
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overthrow dictator, education and healthcare improved, Mexican nationalism, adopt a new constitution, established land reforms, gave rights to workers and women