-
7000 BCE
Mesopotamia, Early Fertile Crescent People
More than 12,000 years ago, Hunter-gatherer groups settled in Mesopotamia. Over time, these people learned how to plant crops and grow their own food. Because of irrigation, farmers were able to produce a food surplus. As a result to the food surplus, people had new occupations, also called a division of labor. -
7000 BCE
6.1, Ancient China, Early civilizations
Chinese civilization first began in China along the Huang He and Chang Jiang Rivers. The Gobi Desert is a physical barrier that covers most of China's north and in the southwest is the Plateau of Tibet. Farming started along the Chang Jiang and Huang He. Because of the fertile silt deposited from the Rivers's floods, it made the land just right for farming. Other than farming, early Chinese people also hunted and bred animals. Over time, first dynasties began. -
Period: 7000 BCE to 220
Chapter 6, Ancient China
Early civilizations first began as early as 7000 BC and developed into the Zhou Dynasty in 1100 BC. The Qin Dynasty started at 221 BC and the Han Dynasty started at 207 BC. In 220 AD, the Han Dynasty fell. -
Period: 3500 BCE to 600
Fertile Crescent, Growth in civilization
The Fertile Crescent's first civilization were the Sumerians, they lived in Sumer and developed many advances to help their society develop. After Sumerians, later people ruled different parts of the Fertile Crescent( Babylonians, Hittites, Kassites, Assyrians, Chaldeans, and the Phoenicians.) -
3330 BCE
Ancient Egypt, Egyptian achievements
Hieroglyphics is the Egyptian writing system. Egyptians wrote on papyrus, and historians and archaeologists how to read hieroglyphics after the discovered the Rosetta Stone. Many Egyptian temples had similar features. In most temples, you find sphinxes and obelisks. Art in Egypt was very impressive and had a unique style where people's heads and legs were always seen from the side, but upper bodies and shoulders were shown straight on. -
3200 BCE
Ancient Egypt, first civilizations
The Nile is the longest river in the world and early settlers lived along the Nile Valley. Villages in Egypt grew and developed into two kingdoms, Lower and Upper Egypt. Menes was the first pharaoh of both Upper and Lower Egypt. -
3000 BCE
Sumer, The Rise of Sumer
Sumerians developed the world's first civilization in Southern Mesopotamia and called their land Sumer. Most people in Sumer were farmers, and lived mainly in rural areas. Over time, cities grew and became city-states. Sumerians practiced polytheism and believed their gods had strong powers, they believed that success in every area of life depended on pleasing the gods. Priests had a high status in Sumer, and people depended on them to gain a god's favor. -
2700 BCE
Ancient Egypt, the Old Kingdom
Egyptians continued to develop their political system, and the system was based on the belief that a pharaoh was both a king and god. Egypt had a social structure, at the top was the pharaoh, below are the nobles, then scribes and craftspeople, and right at the bottom were slaves, servants, and farmers. Egyptians practiced polytheism and believed in the afterlife. Burial practices for each social group were different. -
2050 BCE
Ancient Egypt, Middle and New Kingdoms
Mentuhotep II was a powerful pharaoh who's rule began in the Middle Kingdom. Toward the end of the Middle Kingdom, its pharaohs couldn't keep the kingdom together and the Hyksos invaded. In the mid 1500s BC, Ahmose drove the Hyksos away and started the New Kingdom. Ahmose's power marked Egypt's 18th dynasty. During the New Kingdom, pharaohs had great wealth because of conquest and trade. Most Egyptian families lived in their own homes and married young to have children. -
2000 BCE
8.1, Ancient Greece, Geograpgy and Early Greeks
Mountains covered most of Greece, so there are few flat areas for farmland. People lived along those flat areas and in river valleys. Villages and towns were separated by mountains and seas, so travel and communication was difficult. To the south of Greece was the Mediterranean Sea, to the west was the Ionian Sea, and to the east was the Aegean Sea. The two earliest cultures that settled on Greece were the Minoans and Mycenaeans. -
Period: 2000 BCE to 500 BCE
Chapter 8, Ancient Greece
Two of the earliest people groups that settled in Greece were the Minoans and Mycenaeans. The Minoans built an advanced society in Crete by 2000 BC. Mycenaeans took over in the mid 1400 BC and fell apart in the 1200s BC. -
1800 BCE
Sumer, Sumerian Achievements
The Sumerians invented the world's first writing system called cuneiform. Cuneiform was first used for keeping business records. Scribes would keep track of trading systems. Children learned how to read and write in cuneiform and used it for other studies like math. One of Sumer's most important inventions was the wheel. Math was also one of the many things Sumerians were good at. -
1200 BCE
Ancient India, Geography of India
India is a river valley civilization. It's also a subcontinent. The climate of India is very hot and humid, and it's influenced by the monsoons. The Harappan civilization grew up in the Idus River Valley. Town and cities multiplied as civilization developed. -
1100 BCE
6.2, Ancient China, the Zhou Dynasty
The Zhou Dynasty came after the Shang dynasty and lasted longer than any dynasty in Chinese history. Zhou kings claimed to have the Mandate of Heaven, according to that idea, it meant that heaven gave power to the king. The king also granted land for the lords because of their loyalty. As the lords' loyalty for the Zhou King weakened, The Warring States period began. -
800 BCE
10.1, Ancient Rome, Geography and the Rise of Rome
The geography of Rome made land travel difficult and cities were built on hills for protection. The mild climate gave Rome a large food supply. There were no written records of Rome’s early history but it was believed that it all started from a man named Aneas, from Troy, who sailed to Italy and became a ruler. -
800 BCE
8.3, Ancient Greece, Greek Mythology and Literature
The ancient Greeks believed in many gods. They created myths to explain the world and believed that gods caused all natural events and gave answers. To honor the gods, the ancient Greeks held Olympic Games. The Greeks created great works of literature, one of the earliest were written by a poet named Homer. Homer wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey. Some other poets wrote lyric poetry and others told stories called fables. -
Period: 800 BCE to 27 BCE
Chapter 10, Ancient Rome
Aneas was a man from Troy. He sailed to Italy and became a ruler. Rome's seven early kings included three Etrucean guys. Rome's early republic was ruled by wealthy men elected as leaders, which then developed into a tripartite. When Sulla became a dictator, he ended the republic. -
600 BCE
8.2, Ancient Greece, Government in Athens
Athens began with a government called an oligarchy, where only a few people had power, and they were aristocrats. When the Athenians weren't pleased with the rules of the aristocrats, they created a new government, where only one person ruled (tyrant). Around 500BC, democracy came in, where all citizens were able to vote. -
599 BCE
Ancient India, Hinduism
Under the Aryans, Indian society divided into groups called the caste system. the Brahmins were the highest ranking, followed by the Kashtriyas, Vaisyas, and at the bottom were the Sudras. Brahmanism was an important past of Egyptian life, and later developed into Hinduism. Hindus believed in many gods and reincarnation. Two groups opposed to Hinduism, they were the Jains and Sikhs. -
550 BCE
9.1, Ancient Greece, Greece and Persia
Cyrus the Great led a revolt against Medes. The revolt was successful and it started the Persian Empire. Cyrus conquered most of Southwest Asia. He also let people he conquered keep their own customs. Cyrus’s son, Cambyses took over when he died. Cambyses conquered Egypt and died shortly after. After that, Darius took over and had satraps to rule provinces. Darius invaded Greece, and it started the Persian Wars, where they lost. His son, Xerxes, tried to take over Greece again,but failed. -
550 BCE
9.3, Ancient Greece, Alexander the Great
Phillip was the king of Macedonia. He defeated all of Greece and created the phalanx. After Phillip died, his son Alexander the Great took over.Alexander was a great at conquering and never lost a single battle. However, when he wanted to conquer India, his soldiers were too tired, so they stopped at the Indus River. During Alexander’s time when he was alive, he enjoyed Greek culture and spread Hellenistic ideas. -
Period: 550 BCE to 200 BCE
Chapter 9, Ancient Greece
Persia first becomes an empire, ruled by Cyrus the Great, Cambyses, and Darius.When the Persians fought Greece, ruled by Xerxes, they lost. After that, Macedonia conquered Greece, ruled by Phillip and Alexander the Great. -
500 BCE
9.4, Ancient Greece, Greek Achievements
The Greeks made great contributions to the art. The created statues that looked realistic and paintings of myths or athletic competitions. The Parthenon temple in Athens was one of the most impressive Ancient Greek buildings.The Greeks created new forms of writing and created Greek plays, dramas, and books of history.Three Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. They believed in the human mind to think, believe, and understand life.Hippocates was one of the greatest Greek doctors. -
500 BCE
Ancient India, Buddism
Buddhism developed after Hinduism. It began with a man named Siddharta Gautama, who looked for answers and finally found them after meditating under a tree. After that, he was called the Buddha and spread his teachings into what we know as Buddhism. -
400 BCE
9.2, Ancient Greece, Sparta and Athens
The Spartans value discipline, obedience, and courage. Males trained from an early age to be soldiers and some females even owned land from their own country and ran households. In Sparta, there weretwo kings and elected officials who kept track of everyday activities.Athenians value education of the mind and body. Boys from rich families trained in a wide variety of skills and subjects.Athens was a democratic society and during the Pelloponesian War, Sparta and Athens fought. -
400 BCE
10.2, Ancient Rome, Government and Society
Ancient Rome had a tripartite government. At the top were the magistrates. They had power over all citizens and the two most powerful ones were called consuls. They could only serve for one year. Below them were the senates. Senates were rich men who advised the consuls. They controlled the city's finances and served for life. The Assemblies and Tribunes were made up of patricians and plebians. The Law of 12 Tables were displayed in the Roman Forum. -
387 BCE
10.3, Ancient Rome,The Late Republic
Rome was seen as a threat by others, it fought many wars, and one of them was the Punic Wars. Hannibal attacked Rome in 280 BC and Carthage was destroyed. Rome used violence as a political weapon, and after 88 BC, Sulla became a dictator, he then decided that Rome will no longer be a republic. -
320 BCE
Ancient India, Indian empires
A military leader, named Candragupta Maurya, began the Mauryan Empire. After Candragupta Maurya died, his son Asoka took over. After fighting many bloody battles, he felt remorse and converted into a Buddhist. When the Mauryan Empire ended, the Gupta dynasty took over. The first Gupta emperor was Candra Gupta I, and the main religion was Hinduism. Gupta kings believed that the caste system was a vital part in Indian society. -
221 BCE
6.3, Ancient China, the Qin Dynasty
Shi Huangdi was the the emperor of the Qin Dynasty. He followed Legalism and created a strong government with strict laws and harsh punishments. Under Shi Huangdi, new policies and achievements united the Chinese people. The Chinese also built a network of roads that connected the capital to other parts of the empire. The water systems were also improved. -
207 BCE
6.4, Ancient China, the Han Dynasty
Liu Bang was the first emperor of the Han Dynasty. He became emperor because of the belief in the Mandate of Heaven, initially, he was a peasant. After Liu Bang, Wudi became emperor. Under Wudi, Confucianism became China's official government philosophy. -
207 BCE
6.5, Ancient China, Han contacts other cultures
The Chinese became skillful at iron working and manufactured many iron weapons for the army. Silk was precious to people in other lands, so it helped increase trade when people outside China wanted silk. The Chinese people also exchanged ideas with other civilizations, and that is how Buddhism came in. -
70 BCE
11.1, Ancient Rome, From Republic to Empire
When disorder came into the republic, there were calls for change. Chaos happened and Cicero, an orator, tried to stop it. Julius Caesar was the most powerful Roman general, sadly, he was killed. After the end of the republic, Marc Antony and Octavian ruled Rome together and worked to capture Caesar's killers. The period when Rome had no rebellions or wars was called the Pax Romana. -
63 BCE
11.2, Ancient Rome, The Roman Empire and Religion
The Romans were not sure of which gods were real, so they prayed to a wide variety of gods and godesses. Rome only banned a religion if it was considered a political problem. Emperor Hadrian banned certain practices of Jewish rituals because he thought it would influence the Jews to give up Judaism, however, it made them more upset and they rebelled. In AD 135, the Roman Army destroyed the city of Jerusalem and forced the Jews to leave the city. -
Period: 58 BCE to 1453
Chapter 11, Ancient Rome
Julius Caesar conquered Gaul between 58 BC and 50 BC. Marc Antony and Octavian were friends and ruled Rome together, but after Marc Antony fell in love with Cleopatra, Octavian ruled Rome by himself. Diocletian divided the Roman Empire in east and west, and after Attila the Hun attacked, the Western Empire ended. Justinian reunited the Eastern Empire with his wife Theodora. -
200
11.3, Ancient Rome, The End of the Empire
The Roman Empire had external and internal threat. When it became too big, they had to give up land. Foreign people invaded and there were not enough farmers to grow food. Diocletian divided the empire into east and west. When Constantine became a Christian, he briefly united the empire. The Goths destroyed Rome in AD 410, and the Western Empire ended when Attila the Hun attacked. The Eastern Empire was destroyed by Ottoman Turks. -
Period: 200 to 1537
Chapter 16, Mesoamerica
A Mayan king built a temple to record his achievements in Palenque, the capital. Maya civilization collapsed at 900AD, with many theories as to why. One of the theories is increased warfare. In 1325, Aztecs started building their empire on an island. War, tribute, and trade made their empire strong. In the late 1400s, Hernan Cortés conquered them, and they surrendered in 1521. Pachacuti was the first Inca ruler.Pizarro conquered them in 1532, but before that, they had a civil war. -
220
14.1, China, China Reunifies
After the Han dynasty fell, China went into a period of disunion. Only after a few centuries, it was reunited again by Yang Jian in the Sui dynasty. It was also when he started building the Grand Canal. After the Sui dynasty ended, Tang came in and was known as the golden age of Chinese civilization. The first woman to rule China was Empress Wu. When the Tang fell, Song came up and made great accomplishments. -
250
16.1, Mesoamerica, the Maya
Mayan civilization reached it’s height at around 259-900 AD. Kings held the highest authority. Priests, merchants, and noble warriors were part of the upper class. Then came farmers and slaves, who were part of the lower class. Mayans supported polytheism, and they believed that their gods needed blood to prevent disasters. On special occasions, there were human sacrifices. These beliefs led to advancements in science, and they built observatories. -
300
13.1, Africa, Geography and Early Africa
The Niger River allowed a lot of people to live in West Africa. There are four regions that surround that area. They are the Sahara, Sahel, savannah, and rain forests. Traditional crops in Africa include dates, nuts, and grains. Other resources are salt and gold. A typical West African family was an extended family. A common West African belief was Animsm. -
300
13.2, Africa, Empire of Ghana
One of the earliest people of West Africa were the Soninke. They lived along the Niger River, and farmed there. When they banded together for protection, Ghana rose. As trade of salt and gold rose, Ghana gained power. In the Early 1200s, the empire collapsed. Two factors that contributed to it’s decline was invasion and overgrazing. -
Period: 300 to
Chapter 13, Africa
One of the earliest people of West Africa were the Soninke. Over time, it builded up and formed the Ghana Empire. Ghana reached it's pea under Tunka Manin. Another part of Africa is Mali. Mali began under Sundiata. While Mali was growing, the Songhai Kingdom was too. Songhai's expansion was led by Sunni Ali. Eventually, all three empires fell. -
500
15.1, Japan, Geography and Early Japan
Only 20% of Japan was flat, so most Japanese people lived on coastal plains. Homes were also built near seas, so naturally, seafood became a staple in the Japanese diet, even now. Most Japanese lived in small farming villages that were ruled by clan chiefs. One of the strongest clans was the Yamato clan. Korea and China played a role in shaping Japanese culture, but not at first. Prince Shotoku decided to bring Chinese ideas in Japan. He ruled as a regent for his aunt, the empress. -
500
17.1, Europe, Geography of Europe
Eurasia is a a big land that includes Europe and Asia. Europe is a continent. Most of Northern Europe consists of the Northern European Plain, it is also where most of the major rivers are. Southern Europe was warmer compared to the northern side. Northern Europe was also frequent invaded as there weren’t enough mountains for protection. -
500
17.2, Europe, Europe after the Fall of Rome
After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe divided into many small kingdoms. The time after the Roman Empire fell was also called the Middle Ages. The pope helped spread Christianity through Northern Europe, missionaries and monks helped as well. When the Franks conquered Gaul, it was led by a ruler named Clovis, who influenced the Franks to be Christian. Charlemagne was also a Christian ruler. He led the Franks into building a strong empire, which we now know as France. -
Period: 500 to
Chapter 15, Japan
Prince Shotoku served as a regent for his aunt, the empress, from 593 to 621. In the highest ranking is the shogun. They ruled under the emperor’s name. When foreign invasion from the Mongols took place, Oda Nobunaga decided to upgrade weapons and unify Japan. After he died, Tokugawa Ieyasu became shogun, and his descendants after him took over as well up until 1868. -
Period: 500 to 1500
Chapter 17, Europe
This period was called the Middle Ages. When the Franks conquered Gaul, Christianity spread under a ruler named Clovis. After Clovis’ rule, Charlamagne took over the Franks and built a huge empire. However, when Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims attacked, the empire couldn’t hold up longer, and feudalism set in. It all started with William the Conqueror, when he declared himself king of England. -
570
12.1, Arabian Peninsula, Islamic Roots
Arabia is located in the southwest corner of Asia. It is a peninsula, with a climate of hot and dry air, which is the reason why it consists of mainly deserts and a few oases.Life in Arabia is split into two groups, the nomadic way of life, and the sedentary way of life. Nomads lived in tents since they moved around a lot, while people who lived sedentary lives had homes near oases. Muhammad was an Arab man who was born in Mecca. He started the Islamic religion. -
Period: 570 to
Chapter 12, Arabian Peninsula
Abu Bakr was the first caliph. He directed many battles to unify Arabia. Soon, non-Arab empires rose. They are the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires -
Period: 589 to
Chapter 14, China
Yang Jian ended the Period of Disunion and started the Sui dynasty. It was followed by the Tang, whose first ruler was Xuanzhong. Then came the Song, which made lots of great advances during that time. After that, the Yuan came in and created the largest empire in the history of the world, first ruled by Genghis Khan.The Ming dynasty was the last dynasty, where it entered a period of Disunion. -
618
14.2,China, Tang and Song Achievements
During the Song Dynasty, people made advances like new irrigation techniques. Farming became more productive and there were surpluses. China’s largest city in the Tang Dynasty was Chang’an. Trade increased, and the Chinese invented another valuable item, porcelain. While China grew richer economically, it also made advances in art. Li Qingzhao was China’s greatest poet. -
632
12.2, Arabian Peninsula, Islamic beliefs and practices
After Muhammad died, his followers collected his teachings and formed together a book called the Qur’an. The main teaching of the Qur’an is that there is only one God, Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet. Another important thing that the Qur’an emphasizes on has to do with jihad, which talks about inner struggles people go through to follow the Islamic ways. The Sunnah is based on the written records of Muhammad’s words and actions. Both the Qur’an and Sunnah combine to create the Shariah. -
634
12.3, Arabian Peninsula, Islamic Empires
After Muhammad’s death, Abu Baker became the first caliph. Shia Muslims believed that caliphs had to be descendants of Muhammad, while Sunni Muslims believed that caliphs don’t have to be descendants of Muhammad. The Ottoman Empire consists of Muslim Turkish warriors. They were Sunni and called their leaders sultans. The Safavid Empire has Persian Muslims, who were Shia, and called their leader ‘shah’. The Mughal Empire is made up of a group of Turkish Muslims, who called their leaders emperors. -
794
15.2, Japan, Art & Culture in Heian
In Heian, there was a court, that consisted of a group of rulers who advised a ruler. The nobles loved beauty and elegance, and as a result, Heian became a place of culture and learning. Among the nobles, writing was important. One of the greatest writers in Early Japanese history is Lady Murasaki Shikibu. She wrote the Tale of Genji. Nobles also loved visual arts. The most popular art forms came in calligraphy, paintings, and architecture. -
800
12.4, Arabian Peninsula, Cultural Achievements
Muslim scholars made great advances in astronomy, math, geography, and science. In the 800s, they combined Greek science with the Indian number system to create a new number system, called Arabic numerals. Muslims combined Greek and Indian knowledge with discoveries of their own, to make medicine. One of the most famous Sufi poets was Omar Khayyam. -
800
17.3, Europe, Feudalism and Manor Life
To defend their lands, nobles had knights, who were given fiefs, as a reward for their military service. The knight would also be known as a vassal for the noble. When a lord went to war, his vassals would fight with him. If vassals obtained enough land, they could become lords. Feudalism was first created by the Franks, then it started spreading over to different kingdoms. When knights received land from a lord, peasants and serfs would farm for them. -
800
17.4, Europe, Fuedal Societies
Japan had a very similar system of feudalism as well. In Europe, kings and lords gave land to knights. In Japan, emperors would give land to daimyo, and the daimyo would then pick samurai, who fight and serve for the lords. The code of honorable behavior in Japan was called Bushido, while in Europe, they called their code chivalry. Their religions differ widely though, because most Europeans were Christians while Japanese blended Buddhism, Confucianism, and Shinto. -
800
12.4, Arabian Peninsula, Cultural Achievements
Muslim scholars made advances in astronomy, geography, math, and science. -
960
14.3, China, Confucianism and Government
Confucianism is based on the teachings of Confucius. It is based on ethnics. During the Period of Disunion, Confucianism was overshadowed by Buddhism, but soon gained back it’s popularity late in the Tang Dynasty. The Song Dynasty improved the government system and formed a bureaucracy. People had to pass civil service before becoming a scholar-official. -
1000
18.1, Europe, Popes and kings
Popes were the head of the church in Europe during the Middle Ages. They could decide who to excommunicate from a church. However, people in Eastern Europe disagreed and thought bishops had higher authority. Popes also came in conflict with the kings. They fought over power throughout the Middle Ages. -
1000
18.3, Europe, Christianity and medieval society
Church officials, or clergy, influenced European culture and politics. Live during the Middle Ages relied on local churches, but some went on pilgrimages to religious sites. Many people left land for the church when they died, which were then used as fiefs. The Cluny were unhappy with this and made a religious order which all monks followed. Some of the earliest universities were made by the church, and even now, you can see some similarities. -
Period: 1000 to 1500
Chapter 18, Europe
Popes and kings would ofen fight for power during the Middle Ages. There were four crusades where Christians attempted to retake Palestine from the Muslims, but it was unsuccesful. The Muslim ruler Saladin, let all of the Christians leave when they were defeated, he didn't want to kill them. King John of England was a bad king because he could do anything he wanted, even if it was bad. It all changed when the Magna Carta was ruled out. As the Parliament's power rose, king's dropped. -
1096
18.2, Europe, The Crusades
Pope Urban ordered all Christians from Europe to take over the Holy Land from Muslim Turks. They took over Palestine for a short while, but it didn’t last long. -
1096
18.2, Europe, The Crusades
The crusades were wars between Muslims from Southwest Asia and Christians. They fought over Palestine, the Holy Land. For a long time, Muslims owned Palestine, however, when Turkish Muslims decided to attack Jerusalem, Pope Urban decided to take over Palestine from the Muslim Turks. There were 4 crusades, none were successful, but changed Europe. -
1100
15.3, Japan, Growth of a Military Society
Daimyo in other parts of Japan hired samurai to protect their lands. The shogun had the highest ranking in society, but ruled in the emperor’s name. The emperor was a figurehead. Below the shogun were the daimyo, then the samurai, and lastly, the peasants. Samurai families were required to follow the bushido and were expected to live simple, deciplined lives. One of the greatest challenges for shoguns was the attack from the Mongols, led by Kublai Khan. -
1100
18.5, Europe, Challenges to Church Authority
Heretics were put in prison or fined. The church fought back against Muslims, Jews, and other Christians. Muslim Moors in Spain grew weaker as the Spanish Christians started to reconquer. By 1492, Granada was captured, and no Jews or Muslims were allowed in Spain -
Period: 1200 to
Chapter 19, Europe
Advances in Math and Science were made. There was eduation change and new ideas as well. William Shakespeare was the greatest English writer in the 1400s. The first protestant was Martin Luther, others that came after him areWilliam Tyndale and John Calvin. The Church of England was started by King Henry VIII. Francis Xavier brought catholicism over to India & Japan. Religious wars led to the Edict of nantes, 30 year war, and social changes. -
1215
18.4, Europe, Political and Social change
The Magna Carta listed rules from a group of nobles, that required to king and his people to follow. People could not be kept in jail with no reason, before that, kings could put people in jail for no reason. The Magna Carta developed into Parliament. During this period, there was the Hundred Year War, a conflict between France and England, it was also when the Black Death started, which killed about 1/3 of people of Europe. -
1230
13.3, Africa, Later empires
Mali became an empire under a ruler named Sundiata. Sundiata was a harsh ruler. After he died, rulers took the title of mansas. Mali’s most famous ruler was Mansa Musa. After he died, his son, Meghan, took over. He was weak, and eventually, the Empire fell. Songhai was an Empire that gained its wealth under Sunni Ali. After he died, his son took over. However, because he wasn’t Muslim, people rebelled against him and soon, Muhammad Ture took over. -
1279
14.4, China, Yuan and Ming Dynasties
Genghis Khan was the first ruler of the Mongol Empire. He led a powerful Empire. After he died, his grandson, Kublai Khan, took over and began the Yuan Dynasty. One of the factors that caused the Yuan dynasty to fall was their decision to invade Japan. After the Mongols were defeated, Zhu Yuanzhang took over and brought up the Ming Dynasty. Ming rulers restored the Great Wall of China. China also entered a period of isolationsm during that time. -
1300
19.1, Italy, the Italian Renaissance
Florence, Genoa, Milan, and Venice are trading centers in Northern Italy. The city of Florence stands out because of it’s wool and banking. The greatest of the bankers were the Medici family. Dante was a politician and poet. He wrote in Italian, when medieval authors before him wrote in Latin. Michelangelo and Da Vinci were considered Renaissance Men. -
1325
16.2, Mesoamerica, the Aztecs
The first Aztecs were farmers who first moved from the north to central Mexico. In the capital, Tenochtitlan, the Aztecs built causeways and chinampas. The king was of highest authority. Then came nobles, warriors, and priests. In the middle were merchants and artisans. Last of all, were farmers and slaves. The Aztecs worshiped many gods and made human sacrifices regularly. In the late 1400s, conquistadors conquered them, led by Cortés. -
1353
13.4, Africa, Historical and Artistic Traditions
Story tellers in early West Africa were called griots. Some of the griot poems were epics. West Africans showed their creativity through sculptures, mask-making, cloth-making, music, and dance. Many African societies are famous for the cloth they wove. One of the most famous is called Kente. -
1400
16.3, Mesoamerica, the Incas
The Inca Empire rose in South America. A ruler named Pachacuti expanded Inca territory, later leaders followed his example. Quechua was their official language. Most citizens spent their time working for the government. Goods were distributed fairly among everyone. Emperors, priests, and government officials made up the upper class.Farmers, artisans, and servants made up the lower class. -
1400
19.2, Renaissance Beyond Italy
Advances in Math ans Science helped peopple understand the universe and contributed to architecture. Education change wasn't all about religion, history also gained value. Johann Gutenburg's printing press helped many people, and printed the Bible as well. There were works of literature beyond Italy, for example, William Shakespeare, who was the greatest English writer. -
Period: 1400 to
Chapter 20, Europe
Advances in Science led to new discoveries and inventions. Some of the greatest scientists were Copernicus, Newton, and Galileo. When Europeans decided to explore, new trade routes were discovered. Columbus sailed, thinking to sail to Asia, “finding” America instead. Trade between Europe and America led to new economic systems, like mercantilism and capitalism. -
1487
20.2, Europe, Great Voyages of Discovery
Advances in technology allowed for exploration around the world. The Portuguese built ships called caravels, which helped sailors like Da Gama. He was the first person to reach Asia. The sailor who was first to circumnavigate the globe was Megallan. Although he was killed before the voyage was completed, his crew completed it for him. The Spanish Armanda attacked England, but did not manage as the English had better ships and guns. -
1487
20.2, Europe, Great Voyages of Discovery
Henry the Navigator built an observatory and navigation school to teach sailors how to travel on long ocean voyages. An Italian sailor, Columbus, went in search for Asia, but found America instead, without knowing it. In 1588, the Spanish Armanda attacked England, but England defeated them. Voyages helped to make changes to Ptolemy’s map and gain geographical knowledge. -
1500
19.3, The Reformantion of Chrisianity
Reformers wanted to change the catholic church. There were unpopular practices, like too much focus on indulgences. After martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses on the church door, he gor excommunicated, and started protestantism. After William Tyndale translated the Bible to English, the catolic church executed him. -
1500
20.3, Europe, New Systems of Trade
The Colombian Exchange was trade between Europe and America. A lot of different crops were introduced to each country. This trade affected economic relations around the world. Europe’s main economic policy was mercantilism, a system in which the government controls all economic activity in a country. When the demand of goods increased, it led to capitalism, a system in which people and private businesses run most industries. -
1540
20.1, Europe, Scientific Revolution
Aristotle and Ptolemy both had scientific ideas, and write about geography, astronomy, and logic. Ptolemy was the first person to draw a map of the world, and Aristotle predicted that planets revolve around the earth in the shape of an onion. Growth of humanism also helped to bring out the Scientific Revolution. Some of the most famous astronomers are: Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton. -
1540
20.1, Europe, Scientific Revolution
Growth of humanism during the Renaissance helped to bring about the Scientific Revolution. Europeans started to doubt Greek rationalists after Christopher Columbus found America. Great scientists like Copernicus doubted Aristotle and proved that the sun was the center of the universe. New inventions were made as well, that helped during experiments that followed the scientific method. -
21.1, Europe, Ideas of the Enlightenment
Enlightenment thinkers used ideas from Ancient Greek and Roman philosophers. Christianity also gave other ideas in the Enlightenment, but it was mostly secular. A French philosopher, Voltaire, mocked government and religion in his writings, and also spoke out against censorship. The salon was a place which held dicussions of new ideas. -
Period: to
Chapter 21, Europe
Enlightenment thinkers were influenced by old ideas. Men like John Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau had democratic ideas. King Charles was beheaded during the English Civil War, and Oliver Cromwell took over. The English Bill of Rights meant that the parliament could pass laws and raise taxes, so divine right ended. There was an unfair society in France, which led to the French Revolution. Common people were given more freedom. -
21.3, Europe, Age of Revolution
The conflict between the English Parliament and English monarchy led to civil war. Leader of the Parliament, Oliver Cromwell, beheaded King Charles l. The English Bill of Rights was accepted by William and Mary, so divine right ended. After the Americans fought for their own rights, the French decided to follow in their footsteps as well. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen distributed taxes more fairly, and guaranteed some freedom for citizens. -
21.2, Europe, New Views on Government
Enlightenment thinkers challenged the idea of ruling by divine right, they developed new ideas about how governments should work. English philosopher, John Locke, argued for a government as a contract between the ruler and the people. He also believed that people should have the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. A Frenchman, Montesquieu, believed that the government should have separate branches. -
Sumer, Later people
Hammurabi became Babylon's king. He was a great leader and created Hammurabi's code. Hittites built up a strong kingdom in Asia Minor and were skillful in ironworking. Like Hittites, Assyrians were also good in iron working and were known for being fierce in battle. Nebuchadnezzar was the most famous Chaldean king and Phonecians created the world's first alphabet. -
25th March, 2005, I was born
I was born in Malaysia. -
Modern Day Connection, Writing
The Phoenicians created the world's first alphabet that helped us create a new alphabet of our own based on that. -
Modern Day Connection, Malaysian Laws
Hammurabi's Code influenced the laws we have in our country today. -
Modern Day Connection, Buddhism and Hinduism
Hinduism and Buddhism spread worldwide to many countries and still remains alive even now, with many new followers. -
Modern Day Connection, Art today
Egyptians were very skillfull artists, they inspired the paintings and other artworks of artists today. -
Chapter 6, Modern Day- Culture spread, 30th Oct. 2017
During the Han Dynasty, different cultures spread to China, and Buddhism from India spread through China. Today, Buddhism is one of the major religions in China. -
Chapter 8, Modern day- Greek Language, 2nd Nov. 2017
Many English words today were influenced by the Greeks because many words and expressions that we use come from Geek mythology. -
Chapter 9, Modern day-Math today, 22nd Nov. 2017
Euclid was a Greek who created geometry. Many of the geometry rules we learn today come from Euclid’s writings. -
Chapter 10 Modern Day- Rome's name, 30th November 2017
Romulus and Remus were brothers. They decided to build a city, where Romulus kills his brother and names the city after himself. The city he named was Rome, which we all know exists up to this day. -
Chapter 11, Modern Day- Christianity, 30th Nov. 2017
After Constantine took over Rome, he made Constanipole the capital and became a Christian. The rest of Rome followed him and today, Christianity is Rome's main religion. -
Chapter 12, Modern Day- Arabic Numerals, 22nd Jan. 2018
Muslim scholars combined the Indian number system with the Greek science of mathematics to create a new number system which we still use up to this day. -
Chapter 13, Modern Day- Art, 26th Jan. 2018
Up to this day, West African art is still admired by many. Museums around the world display African art. Some even inspired Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. -
Chapter 14-Modern Day, 31st Jan. 2018
During the Song Dynasty, great inventions were made, that we still use now, like paper money. We don’t have to bring a lot of coins with us wherever we go, instead, we use paper money. -
Chapter 15, Modern day-Architecture, 9th Feb. 2018
Nobles in Heian liked adding beauty to buildings by surrounding them with elegant gardens and ponds. Today, similar gardens are still in Japan. -
Chapter 16, Modern day-Canals, 23rd Feb., 2018
Between 1325-1521 AD, the Aztecs built canals, so that travel would be much easier. Even now, in modern day Mexico, you can still see some of those canals. -
Chapter 17, Modern day- Christianity, 8th March 2018
Christianity was first spread in Northern Europe by missionaries, monks, and the pope. Over time, this religion grew more popular and spread out to different areas other than Europe. Now, Christianity is widely known around the globe and is a popular religion. -
Chapter 18, Modern Day, Magna Carta- 18th April, 2018
The Magna Carta influenced the government today because, just like there wads a set of rules that kings had to follow, our government has laws that people have to follow, with bad consequences if it is broken. -
Chapter 19, Modern Day, Famous Authors- 30th April, 2018
Famous authors like William Shakespeare and Miguel de Cervantes wrote great works of Literatue in the 1400s. Even today, they are widely known, and their works would still be considered a classic. -
Chapter 20, Modern Day, Economic Systems- 30th April 2018
Mercantilism was the main economic policy that lasted between 1500 and 1800. Even today, a few countries rule strongly on Mercantilism. North Korea would be an example of a country that follows mercantilism. -
Chapter 21, Modern Day- Magna Carta, 14th May,2018
The Magna Carta limited a ruler’s power and acknowledged some rights of the people. The English People recognized it and decided to set up the English Bill of Rights. It also influenced Thomas Jefferson to write the Declaration of Independence, and for the French to establish a document called the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. -
Ancient Egypt, Kush
A Kingdom called Kush lay south of Egypt, a region we now know as Nubia. As time passed Kushite culture grew. Egypt and Kush were neighbors and sometimes help each other out, but didn't always keep good relations. Around 1500 BC, pharaoh Thutmose took over Kush, and as a result Kush became part of Egypt. However, around 850 BC, Kush became independent again. Kush traded with a lot of countries. The first woman to rule Kush was Queen Shanakheto.