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Napoleon I and the French Empire fight against fluctuating European powers formed into coalitions.
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Congress of Vienna conducted many treaties between itself and France.
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Napoleon is defeated by the Duke of Wellington, ending the Napoleonic era in Europe.
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The railway was a much needed necessity for the two cities' factory owners because of the high cost to transport raw materials from ports.
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Queen Victoria began her rule from June 1837 until her death.
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The Irish Potato Famine ran for six years and killed over a million people and caused another million to flee the country.
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Beginning in Sicily and later spreading to France and other countries, the revolutions of 1848 were fights against European monarchs to gain independence.
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After major famines had struck and suffrage had been distributed, the people of Europe revolted.
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The pamphlet proclaimed that "the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles."
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The Revolutions of 1848 were fought against European monarchs. The revolutions ended in failure and repression.
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Greece, which was in the Ottoman Empire at the time, fought against the empire to establish independence.
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The Russian Empire lost alliances with France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia.
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The Bessemer Process is a steel-making process that was developed by Henry Bessemer in 1856.
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British Crown abolished the East India Company and began ruling over India.
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or more completely, "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life"
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Czar Alexander II accompanied 17 legislative acts that freed the serfs in the Russian Empire.
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Britain passed the British North American Act to grant Canada independence, although it was still a colony for many more years.
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The dual monarchy was formed through a constitutional agreement called the Compromise.
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Dynamite was invented by Alfred Nobel and was the first safely manageable explosive that was stronger than black powder.
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The French agreed with the Ottoman governor of Egypt to build a canal 100 miles across the Suez.
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It takes 22 years for the unification of Italy.
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Napoleon III fights against the Kingdom of Germany under the rule of Prussia.
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Germany unifies after the Franco-Prussian War with the French defeated.
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Czar Alexander II was assassinated in the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg.
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The regulation of European colonization and trade in Africa.
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Alfred Dreyfus was an artillery gunner with a Jewish background who was wrongfully convicted.