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Their marriage united the two most powerful kingdoms in Spain, leading to the creation of a single Spanish monarchy. -
After her brother dies, Isabella takes the throne, starting her strong and influential rule. -
Ferdinand inherits the crown, officially joining Castile and Aragon under one royal family. -
Spain and Portugal end their war. Spain gets the Canary Islands; Portugal keeps other Atlantic territories. -
A ten-year war where the Catholic Monarchs fight to take the last Muslim kingdom in Spain.
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Granada, the last Muslim city, falls to Spain, ending Muslim rule in the country. -
The Catholic Monarchs order all Jews to leave Spain if they do not convert to Christianity. -
Christopher Columbus, sailing for Spain, lands in the Americas, opening a new era of exploration. -
The Treaty of Tordesillas divides the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal, shaping the future of colonial empires -
Castile invades Melilla, marking Spain’s first significant foothold in North Africa
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Spanish involvement in the Italian Wars; Ferdinand of Aragon supports Naples against France
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Muslims who refuse to convert are expelled from Castile -
Queen Isabella dies, causing problems over who should rule Castile. -
Heir to Castile and husband of Joanna dies, creating a crisis in the royal family. -
Spain joins a group of countries to fight Venice and gain more land in Italy.
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Spain takes control of the Kingdom of Navarre.
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Ferdinand II dies, and Charles I becomes king of Spain and later Holy Roman Emperor. -
Hernán Cortés leads Spanish soldiers to defeat the Aztecs and take Mexico.
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The revolts in Castile and Valencia, happened because many people in Spain were unhappy with Charles I when he became king. The main reasons were because Charles I was not from Spain: He grew up in another country and did not speak Spanish, there were high taxes, Charles needed lots of money and made people pay more taxes, which made them angry.
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Charles I meets Martin Luther, starting the spread of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. -
The Magellan-Elcano expedition sails around the world for the first time, which Charles I Supported exploration and made Spain a world power. -
Spain fights France and its allies for control of land in Italy.
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Spanish soldiers capture the French king in a big victory in Italy. -
Charles I marries Isabella, strengthening the royal family. -
Spanish and Imperial troops attack and loot Rome, showing Spain’s power in Italy.
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Francisco Pizarro conquers the Inca Empire in Peru. -
Huge silver mines are found in Bolivia, making Spain very rich. -
Charles I wins against Protestant princes in Germany, keeping his power for a while. -
Charles I allows German princes to choose their own religion, ending some religious conflics. -
Charles I abdicates, dividing his empire giving Spain to his son Philip II and the Holy Roman Empire to his brother Ferdinand. Charles I Left Spain as the strongest European and colonial power. -
Spain defeats France in a major battle, showing its military strength. -
Spain defeats France at Saint-Quentin and Gravelines. The Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis confirms Spanish dominance in Italy.
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Philip II makes Madrid the main capital city of Spain.
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The Netherlands fight for independence from Spain in a long war.
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Muslims who changed to Christianity rebel but are defeated. Philip II Made sure Spain stayed Catholic.
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Spain leads a Christian fleet to defeat the Ottoman Empire at Lepanto, stopping Ottoman expansion in the Mediterranean. -
The Portuguese king dies in battle, leading to Spain taking control of Portugal. -
Southern provinces of the Netherlands reconcile with Spain, while the north continues to resist, leading to the Dutch Revolt.
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Philip II becomes King of Portugal, uniting the crowns of Spain and Portugal. -
Spain and England fight at sea and in the Americas for almost 20 years.
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English ships, led by Francis Drake, attack Spanish ships in Cádiz. -
Spain tries to invade England with a huge fleet, but it fails. -
People in Aragon rebel against Philip II’s efforts to control their region. -
Philip II dies, ending an era marked by Spain’s greatest territorial and cultural achievements. his son Philip III becomes king. -
All remaining Muslims who had converted to Christianity are forced to leave Spain.
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Philip IV became king after his father, Philip III, died. He was young and had help from his advisors. He ruled during many wars and problems. -
Both Catalonia and Portugal rebel against Spanish rule; Portugal becomes independent again. -
Spanish forces are defeated by the French, showing Spain is losing its power in Europe. -
He died in 1665 after ruling for 44 years.
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Charles II became king when he was a child after his father, Philip IV, died. He was sick and weak most of his life. -
He died without children, which caused a big fight over who would be the next king.