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the idea that citizens of a country feel loyalty to their nation above other people or organizations
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This is the time when Germany became unified
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Germany surpassed Britain to become Europe’s leading industrial power.
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Germany from the two potential enemies on its borders—France and Russia. He reduced the threat from Russia in 1881 by forming an alliance with Russia and Austria-Hungary
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Germany formed an alliance with Italy and Austria-Hungary. Together, these countries formed the Triple Alliance. These alliances hurt France by depriving it of possible allies.
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German title for emperor, Wilhelm II, took the throne in 1888. Kaiser Wilhelm and other German leaders were more interested in creating an overseas empire
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Russia seized Chinese Manchuria and established a protectorate over Mongolia, which had declared independence from China.
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the United States announced that it would take charge in any Latin American nation that could not properly manage its affairs.
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Went to war over Manchuria and Korea another area of rivalry between the two nations. The war went badly for Russia and ended in 1905 when the United States, with German and British support, forced a settlement.
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Russia refocus on European affairs. Even then, Russia was less interested in Germany than it was in the Balkan Peninsula in southeast Europe, much of which was under Turkish control as part of the Ottoman Empire.
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Britain’s growing concerns about Germany prompted it to join with France and Russia in 1907 to create the Triple Entente.
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Balkans. Russia also supported Serbia in two short Balkan Wars The first war ended Ottoman rule on the peninsula, and the second war divided the former Ottoman lands among the Balkan nations. Serbia doubled in size as a result.
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An act of Serbian nationalism led to the murder of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb who had been trained by a Serbian secret terrorist organization called the Black Hand, shot and killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand in the Bosnian city of Sarajevo.
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Britain, France, Russia, and their partners. Italy, which remained neutral when war broke out, joined the Allies in 1915.
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the British began a naval blockade of Germany to cut off its overseas trade.
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Western Front was a brutal killing field as each side tried, with little success, to push the other back.
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Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, and two days later declared war on France.
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Japan declared war on Germany hoping to gain Germany’s colonies in Asia
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The Ottoman Empire officially entered the war on the side of Germany and Austria-Hungary
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Germany began using poison gas and airplanes. In 1917, they began using bombs
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a U-boat sank the British passenger ship Lusitania, which was also carrying 173 tons of ammunition from New York to London. (not real picture of ship sinking) -
But even in Germany, clothing was scarce by 1916, and in cities, people simply did not have enough to eat. By 1917, food riots and strikes happened with increasing frequency.
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German troops tried to break the stalemate by smashing through the French defenses at the town of Verdun. stalemate: a situation in which progress by either side in a contest or dispute is blocked by the other side; a draw or deadlock
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Peace movements existed in every Great Power—including France where German forces remained entrenched on the Western Front.
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The huge number of lives and resources lost caused Russia’s government to collapse. Months of unrest followed until, in December, a new government signed a peace agreement with the Central Powers and pulled Russia out of the war.
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These actions led the United States to declare war on Germany
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President Woodrow Wilson issued a statement of war goals called the Fourteen Points. The first five points addressed general world concerns—an end to secret agreements between nations, freedom of the seas, the removal of trade barriers, arms reduction, and a fair settlement of colonial disputes. The next eight points dealt with specific territorial issues in Europe and the Ottoman Empire
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In LATE March 1918, the Germans launched a massive attack on the British at the Second Battle of the Somme.
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After stopping yet another German attack at the Second Battle of the Marne, the Allies counterattacked. Fighting separately for the first time, the American army defeated German forces at Saint Mihiel
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An army of Serbian, Italian, Greek, French, and British forces overwhelmed Bulgarian troops in the Balkans. Viewing the situation as hopeless, Bulgaria surrendered.
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Bulgaria’s defeat exposed the empire to attack from the west as well. The Turks surrendered.
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The Fourteen Points contributed to Germany’s decision to surrender in November 1918. -
At 11:00 a.m. on November 11, the “war to end all wars” was finally over. -
German leaders knew that only surrender could save their nation. On November 11, 1918, they signed an armistice, an agreement to stop fighting.
