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Prince Henry's dreams of overseas exploration began in 1415 when he helped conquer the Muslim city of Ceuta where he found gold, silver jewels, and exotic foods and goods. Prince Henry decided to start his school of Navigation so people could sail to new land and find riches.
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Hongwu was the first Ming Emperor and then he died and his son Yonglo emerged victorious from the power strugle after Hongwu died. Yonglo continued most of his father's policies but moved the royal court to Beijing. He had a far-ranging curiosity about the outside world.
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Yonglo had a far-ranging curiosity about the outside world so he launched the first of seven voyages in 1405 led by Zheng He, a childhood friend. Everything about Zheng He's voyages were large (size of fleet, distance traveled and ships themselves) He was a remarkable captain.
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The statue is based on the fight between David and Goliath as David is standing on Goliath's severed head. The statue was one of the first if not the first nude sculpture of that time.
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The capture of Constantinople basically marked the end of the Roman Empire which had lasted about 1,500 years. Constantinople is now Istanbul.
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The end of the Hundred Years' War is considered the end of the Middle Ages to some historians. The result (French Winning) had a lot to do with Joan of Arc.
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The printing press had a huge impact on European society because it allowed a printer to produce hundreds of copies of the same paper. Because of this, books became cheaper which made more Europeans educated and literate.
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Dias (Portuguese) believed that to reach Asia by sea they would have to sail around the tip of Africa so he ventured down the coast until he reached the tip but as he arrived a huge storm rose and battered his fleet for days. They had been blown to the other side so they reached their goal and it was called Cape of Good Hope.
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To end the war they signed the Treaty of Granada. The treaty guaranteed a set of rights to the Muslims including religious tolerance and fair treatment in return for their surrender and capitulation.
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Christopher Columbus asked permission from Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to fund his trip to find Asia by sailing west and they did. He spotted land in America in 1492 and still until the day he died believed it was Asia. He greatly overestimated the size of Asia and underestimated the distance to Asia.
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Christopher Columbus discovered South America and Spain drew up a line to divide land between Spain and Portugal but Portugal thought it favored Spain too much. So they moved it more west and signed the Treaty of Tordesillas in which they agreed to honor the line.
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In 1498 da Gama reached the port of Calicut on the southwestern coast of India. He and his crew found spices and precious gems and most importantly found a direct sea route to India.
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Amerigo Vespucci was the first person who demonstrated that the land that Columbus discovered was a whole new land mass instead of still part of Asia. America was named after him.
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The Mona Lisa is probably the most visited and most popular painting in the world today. Leonardo worked on the Mona Lisa from time to time until he died so it was never finished.
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The School of Athens shows the influence of Greek thought on the Renaissance. He was hired to paint it in 1508 by Pope Julius II.
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Michelangelo had to lay upsode-down for many hours a day to paint the celing. It had very great detail and blended Christian and Greek ideals.
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The Prince examines how a ruler can gain power and keep it in spite of his enemies. He was not concerned with what was morally right, but what was politically effective.
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Martin Luther was un happy with the Catholic Church, so he posted his 95 Thesis (95 problems with the church) on the door of the church. This started the Protestant Reformation.
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Hernando and his group of conquistadors landed on the coast of Mexico and began colonizing. They colonized what today is South America, Mexico, and North America.
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20 slaves on aniola attacked and killed several Spanish colonists. This influenced larger revolts later on.
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Atahualpa brought several thousand mostly unarmed men for the meeting and Pizzaro's 200-men army crushed them and kidnapped Atahualpa. He gave them gold that would fill up a room and silver that would fill a room twice for realease but they strangled him instead.
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Cartier reached a gulf off the coast of Canada that led to a broad river so he followed the river until he reached a large island dominated by a hill. He named the river St. Lawrence and the land Mont Royal which was changed to Montreal.
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Ignatius of Loyola created a daily guide for how Catholics should live. Followers become Jesuits, teaching others about how to live as a true catholic.
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King Henry wanted a son very badly but Anne Boleyn gave him a daughter. Henry accused her of adultery, incest, and treason and had her exxecuted.
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King Henry wanted a son really bad and finally got him in 1537. Edward served as king from age 9 to 15 and ironically didn't make a big impact compared to the girls of the family.
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Mary wanted to restore cathlocism so she abolished all of Edward's laws. She killed a lot of people and wasn't the best queen.
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Elizabeth tricked a lot of men by saying she's marry them if they gave her land and stuff but she never married them. She brought back Anglican religion after Mary died.
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From 1547 to 1560 was known as Ivan's good period because he won great victories and a bunch of other stuff. After Anastasia died he accused the Boyars of poisoning her. He hired special police to hunt down and kill people. He was very paranoid.
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Philip raised taxes in the Netherlands and took steps to crush Protestantism. In response, angry Protestant mobs swept through Catholic churches. They destroyed religious paintings and statues. These revolts continued for years.
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Philip inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the American colonies and then in 1580 the king of Portugal died without an heir and Philip took the throne of Portugal. He then had an empire that circled the globe. He took about 1/4th of all the gold and silver brought back.
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The Spanish were still the dominant power of the world. Philip dispatched 130 ships with 19,000 men at the battle but the English were ready. They outmaneuvered the Spanish Armada and defeated them. The battle dealt a crippling blow to Spanish dominance and opened the way for the rest of Europe to venture into the Americas.
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The English and Dutch pushed out Portugal and battled for that area so they both established East India Companies (English Company founded first). Althought the English founded their company first, it was a lot less powerful and they were defeated.
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Kepler was Brahe's brilliant assistant and after Brahe's death, Kepler continued his work. He proved that certain mathematical laws govern planetary motion. One of these laws stated that planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits and not circles. Althogh Copernicus made a great discovery, Kepler modified the discovery and made many more great discoveries. He had more of an impact on us than Copernicus did.
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Together, the English and Dutch broke Portuguese control of the Asian region and then battled each other for the area. Each nation developed an East India Company to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. These companies had a lot of power and Dutch's Company was more powerful so they drove out the English.
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Hudson was a good voyager and discovered the Hudson River. However, his crew really wanted to return home but Hudson wouldn't let them. It was mutiny. He didn't retun from the voyage.
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Shakespeare is known as one of the best playwrites of all time. He was believed to cop other people's work but his works are still popular today.
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During the first 12 years of the war the Hapsburgs of Austria and Spain dominanted the war. In the later parts of the war, The protestants drove out the Hapsburgs and France took over. It ended in 1648. The war was about religion and territory.
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He moved against the Huguenots by forbidding them to build walls so that they couldn't defy the king and defend themselves. He also weakened the nobles' power by making them take down their castles.
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Throughout his life Galileo corrected and supported many theories of other great scientists. He disproved a lot of Aristotle's theories. He supported all of Copernicus' studies very much. In his book he published a lot of his own findings and wrote about Copernicus and Ptolemy. All of these findings and theories help scientists today. Without Galileo, we wouldn't be as scintefically advanced as we are.
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The scientific method is a process that pretty much applies to everything we do. If i wanted to eat a a bowl of cereal I would ask what kind of cereal I wanted. Then, I would guees if it was going to be good or not. I would eat the cereal and in my head know if i like it or not. Then i would decide if it was a good choice. This method is used for about every decision and other things. It defianetely applies to every day life and we can thank Rene Descartes for it.
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Louis was the most powerful king France had ever had. He was also very arrogant. Spent millions on himself but also created an outstanding army. He hated nobles and made them work for him.
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Everything about the Varsailles palace was immense. The palace stretch for about 500 yards. It costed about 2 billion dollars. He had 10's of thousands of people work on it. He made it just for himself.
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Thomas Hobbes sort of woke up the rest of the world when he wrote about the selfishness, and horror of human nature. He said for humans to escape such a bleak life. they had to give up their rights to an absolute ruler in exchange for law and order. This has impact on us today because our govenment today is a mix between Hobbes and Lockes governments.
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The dutch came over and colonized and named their land New Netherlands. It was free to anyone. The dike of York took over New Netherlands and named it New York. The Dutch surrendered without firing a shot.
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In London a disastorous fire broke out in the King's baker's house. The fire destroyed St. Paul's Cathedral, 87 parish churches,and around 13,000 houses. The biggest fire in London's history.
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La salle found the Mississippi River and planted a wooden cross with the king's coat of arms on it. He claiimed all land touching the Mississippi River.
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Isaac Newton came up with his three laws of gravity that he published in his "Mathematical Principles of Natural philosophy." He described the the universe as a giant clock whose parts all worked together perfectly in ways that could be expressed mathematically. These laws described how everthing moves in the world and everthing that gos on with motion. These laws play a huge impact on our lives today and we have Newton to thank.
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James was the king of England and offended people so parliament asked his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange to overthrow him. They went to London to do so and he fleed.
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After overthrowing James, William and Mary had to reform England so they created the Bill of Rights which was a set of rules that no one could change. It listed many things a ruler couldn't do.
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John Locke had a more positive view on humanity than Thomas Hobbes. He believed that people could learn from experience and improve themselves. He said that humans had 3 natural rights. Life, liberty, and property. The government's job was to protect these rights. Our government today is a mix between Lockes and Hobbes governments.
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Peter wanted to learn about Eastern Europe's customs and industrial techniques. He toured western Europe in disguise and went around with 200 servants and 55 boyars. He made Russia stronger with his goal of westernization succeedeing.
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Peter brought the Russian Orothodox church under state control, reduced the power of the greaEuropean officers. Peter reformed Russia and was one of their greatest rulers.
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Austria reconquered Bohemia, centralized government and creating a standing army, and retook Hungary from the Ottomans. The Hapsburgs of Austria were the most powerful state within the Holy Roman Empire.
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Voltaire published many books about philosophy and satire against his opponents. He made many enemies of the French court and was exiled to England. He admired the English government much more than his own. When he returned to France he totally bashed France in his work. Although he made many enemies, Voltaire never stopped fighting for what he believed in and he was one of the first to use writing to fight for what he thought was right and that influenced many writers today.
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Charles VI persuaded leaders of Europe to sign an agreement that would recognize Charles' oldest daughter as the heir to his Hapsburg territories IMaria Theresa.) She decreased the power of the nobles and was very religious.
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Back then all of the philosophers went to salons to discuss their views and discoveries and plays and more. The Encyclopedia contained all this information and more. Encyclopedia is still used today and one of the most popular and resourceful websites is Wikipedia.
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The English became more hungry for land to colonize so they pushed further west and collided with the French (long-time enemies.) There were a bunch of land disputes and a lot of other stuff and the war begun.
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Wollstonecraft was basically one of the first women's-rights activists. She argued that women shouldn't be secondary to men in education. She said that even if a woman was only going to be mother, education would make the woman a better mother. She made a huge impact on women's rights today.
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Catherine had many goals of allowing religious toleration and abolishing torturea and capital punishment but achieved none of these goals. She took many steps to modernize and reform Russia. She was considering helping the serfs until they had an uprising. Catherine crushed the rebellion and later made great changes to Russia. This has an impact on today because Russia could be ruled by someone else if it wasn't for Catherine.
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The American colonists were outraged because they had never had to pay direct taxes to Britain before. Samuel Adams led people to dump 342 chests of Britsih tea into the sea to protest taxation. This was to gain freedom from Britain. The American Revolution began after this. This has a big impact today because without it, we might be British;.
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The declaration listed all of King George's faults and broke the ties between the colonies and Great Britain.The document was written by Thomas Jefferson. It is one of the most famous documents in US history today. The signing is a national holiday. We gained our independence on this day.
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Mozart was a very gifted child and wrote over 600 musical works before he died at the age of just 35. His "Don Giovanni" is still listened to today and is studied for its techniques and grace. It definitely has an impact on today. He assisted in the neoclassical period alot.
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The delegates signed the constitution after 9 of the 13 colonies agreed to the new laws. The Constitution also contained a Bill of Rights. This made a huge impact today because we still use all of these laws today. They havn't changed since they were made.
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Beethoven's earlier earlier works were in the same genre as Mozart's but later he began new trends which carried music into the Age of Romanticism. He was very talented and his new styles of music are at the base of today's music.
