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Gold fields 700 Islam Nobles and merchants converted Sufi Mystics 800 within cities practicing ISLAM outer cities animistic Starts to collapse Raids, disruption of routes, corruption,
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After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Europe was decentralized, so kingdoms came up on their own. Feudalism was the basis for each kingdom to have order. The serfs provide food and labor and pay taxes, the knights protect the lords, and the lords pay taxes to the king. The king gives land to the lords, the lords give pieces of land to the knights, and the knights protect the serfs. It was a simple government where one gives something to get something.
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Baghdad was a very wealthy trade city, so it was made the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate during the Golden Age of Islam. Here they built the House of Wisdom as a university for all people based on Greco-Roman concepts. They made many medical advancements as well as advancements in math, science, and literature. The Abbasid Caliphate built some famous buildings such as the Dome of the Rock. They declined due to Turkish invasion which replaced caliphs with sultans in 1250 CE.
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Arab an Persian merchants and Sufi mystics move to cities Syncretism of Arab, Persian, and Bantu culture -> Conversion to Islam Swahili culture and language
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- Filial piety, Neo-Confucianism, Buddhism.
- Grand Canal expanded.
- Heavy use of champa rice, which was resistant to drought. This was a lot of work to irrigate, so there was a heavy reliance on farmers.
- Lots of steel and porcelain exports.
- Artisans made porcelain.
- Used paper money.
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SHOGUN = secretary of defense Shogun head war lord/ military dictator who is selected by the demi-god emperor 2 failed Mongol invasions Last guy overthrown
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The now unified nomads of the Eurasian Steppes successfully conquered the Silk Road and controlled and stabilized the trade route. Though the conquest was ruthless and bloody, the new China entered a time of Pax Mongolica. The Mongols were strict with their laws which attracted more merchants due to their guaranteed safety along the road. With more merchants came more tribute to the king. The empire was united until Genghis Khan died (1227) and the empire split into 4 khanates.
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The Turks took over the caliphates and replaced them with sultanates one of which located in Northern India. The Delhi Sultanate was ruled under Sharia Law and continued academic, cultural, and artistic traditions set by the Abbasid Caliphate. They did not force the previously Hindu population to convert to Islam, but those who did not convert had to pay a jizya (tax). Cultural blending was common between the Islam and Hindu cultures of the area.
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-Forms from a portion + Almost twice as big as Ghana
-Economics -Agri. productivity + Restoration and control of the Trans-Saharan trade
-Powerful army took over neighboring villages and groups
-Urban Life-Especially in the cities of Jenne and Timbuktu -Centers of trade and Islam
-Village Life-Mostly traditional and agricultural
-Govt – Monarchy
-Economy-Agriculture – rice, millet, sorghum, herding & Trans-Saharan Trade
-Decline-Attacks by Berbers from N & Other ppl S + internal rebellions -
Guaranteed citizens right to a fair trial.
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1230s-1250s = Northern China and Korea 1240s = Russia 1250s = Persia and the middle East 1260 – Empire Divided into 4 Parts = the 4 Khanates --Very friendly relationships/ split up peacefully
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(end of Abbasid Caliphate)
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Marco Polo – Venetian merchant who traveled to China and Worked for Kublai Khan's government
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Changes to Government
-Still an Emperor (Mongol Khan)
-New Capital = Khanbaliq (Beijing)
-Still had a Bureaucracy
--Mongols and Non-Chinese allies of Mongols on top
--Chinese bureaucrats at local level
-Kept frame work took out Neo-Confucianism
SOCIAL ISSUES
-Segregation – Mongols and Chinese kept separate
-Chinese people placed at the bottom of the social class
Trade
-Silk Road restored, Grand Canal restored & extended
-Foreign merchants & missionaries welcome
-Chinese economy prospered -
"Highly bureaucratic form of government.
Used the devshirme system that took Christian boys at a young age and trained them to serve the state in positions such as Janissaries.
Though it was officially Islamic, the Ottoman Empire ruled over millets (or communities that were not Islamic) who had to pay the jizyah tax to practice their own religion.
Used firearms." -
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Aztecs resided in central Mexico with its own tribute system and advanced system of living. Local rulers of the three city states were allowed to govern if they sent tribute to the central king. The Incas (west South America) were advanced in building. They made bridges, Machu Picchu, and roads that can still be found today. Due to Spanish colonization, these empires were eradicated through war, slavery, and disease.
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Spanish Monarchy granted towns in Latin America to Encomenderos
Feudal system
Native peoples were expected to:
-Work for & pay tribute 2 encomendero
The encomendero was expected to
-Protect the well-being & rights of the native peoples
-Instruct the native peoples about Christianity
Failed and eventually ended because:
-Abuse of the native peoples
-Many died to overwork and disease
-Native revolts
-Spanish government & church appalled by its actual practice
=Bartolome de las Casas -
Famous pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 CE Supposedly gave away so much gold that the value of gold dropped for a decade! Wealthy reputation circulated through Eurasia Trying to attract people and look like a devout Islam Commissioned famous mosques throughout Mali 6th wealthiest person in history
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- Causes – Trade contacts --China -> Silk Road (via Mongols) -> siege at Caffa (in Crimea) -> Mediterranean (via Genoese Merchants) -> Italy -> Rest of Europe (via traveling trade fair routes)
- Effects: --Death of up to 1/3 of the population of Europe --Widespread fear and panic – people believed God was punishing them -> Persecution of Jews --Temporary Economic Problems ---Decline of trade and production ---Shortage of labor
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The Ming Dynasty overthrew the Yuan Dynasty not long after the Bubonic Plague. They purged any remnants of the Mongols from China, made laws supporting Confucianism, re-established the Civil Service exam, expanded agriculture, and limited foreign trade. Yongle was the third emperor of the dynasty. He moved the capital to Beijing and constructed a large walled palace called the Forbidden City.
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With the new colonies of the New World, slaves were needed to work on plantations for cheap labor. Many of the slaves were killed on route to the new world in the middle passage, but those that made it brought pieces of their culture with them. For the Americas, new crops (bananas, sugar cane) were brought from Africa along with culture (languages, dishes, voodoo). Africa was depopulated, but also gained new crops from Europe in the Columbian Exchange.
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Goods from Asia had to travel through the Middle East before arriving in Europe, so the merchants of the Middle East would put high taxes on the goods. This forced Europe to have to look for new ways to get to Asia and with the invention of the lateen sail and the caravels they were able to set sail. Through this age the Americas were discovered for Europe and the Portuguese set up their trading post empire. Silver became a major commodity and cultural blending took place worldwide.
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Spanish monarchy granted and estate of land to hacendado
Native peoples were expected to
- Work for and pay tribut to the landowner
The landowner was expected to
-Protect the well-being and rights of the native peoples
-Instruct the native peoples about Christianity
It basically was the Encomienda system (but wasn't much different in the long run) -
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"Built chinampas– “floating gardens” or islands for agriculture over their swampy land.
Human sacrifice.
Advanced economy, trade, and governmental systems.
Gender parallelism." -
"Used quipus (knotted cords) in place of writing.
Extensive road system.
Terrace farming.
Used mita system as labor system– everyone had to work periodically for the state in some form (later taken by Spanish).
Gender parallelism." -
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Increased power and land – seized lands belonging to other Grand Princes in Russia Contacts with Western Europe – Diplomatic missions
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Rise to power
-Smaller, Songhai kingdom existed as early as 7th century CE
--Ruled by Mali
--Gained control of Trans- Saharan trade
-GOVERNMENT
--Monarchy
---Empire divided into five larger provinces – each ruled by
---A governor, A tax collector, A court of judges, A trade inspector
RELIGON – Islam
-Unlike Ghana and Mali, more commoners practiced Islam
Economy = agriculture + control of Trans - Saharan Trade Network
DECLINE AND FALL
-Moroccan Raiders with guns -> internal rebellions -
Figurehead emperor
No centralization – warring Feudalistic states
-No more Shogun – Ashikaga leader basically just another daimyo
-Each territory run by its own daimyo
=Central towns of provinces each had castle-type strongholds
=Daimyo raise & maintain their own private armies comprised of warriors from the samurai class (diif class)
-Peasants who lived within each of these provinces
=Lived in villages & Farmed their own plots of land &Paid taxes 2 the head of village –>sent it 2 the daimyo -
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"Exchange begins
Spanish Empire used the hacienda and encomienda system, as well as a caste system based on race.
Columbian Exchange
“New World” trades corn, potatoes, tobacco, and rubber.
“Old World” trades livestock, smallpox, influenza, and coffee (the “Old World” side of this exchange will lead to the death of millions of Native Americans who are not immune to these diseases)." -
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By about 1500, many Aztec tributary states were planning rebellion
- Therefore supported the Spanish
Conquest by the Spanish 1519 – 1521
- 1519-20
--Hernan Cortez + Spanish conquistadores + native allies -> Tenochtitlan
--Initially welcomed by Emperor Montezuma II
--Spanish Actions -> Aztec uprising -> Spanish retreat
--Montezuma II Killed
- 1521
--Smallpox plague
--Last Aztec Emperor, Cuauhtemoc, executed
--Conquistadors and allies returned to Tenochtitlan -
GOV'NT
-Shah – monarch and Shi'a religious leader
- Bureaucracy – similar to that of the Ottoman Empire
--Position based on merit -(Equal access to government to all male Shi'a Muslims )
-Importance of trade and stressed by the government
--Overland trade routes through Russia with Europe
--Island of Hurmuz, Bandar Abbas seaport trade city
--Persian Gulf -> Gulf of Oman -> Indian Ocean
RELIGON
-Shia Islam & Many Jews, Christian, Sunni, and Sufi coerced to convert to Shi'a Islam -
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The Catholic church became corrupted and Martin Luther spoke out about it with the 95 theses becoming popular with the printing press. Protestantism was created and Catholics were not happy. The Council of Trent was created to promote Catholicism and demote Protestantism. The 30 Years War between the Protestants and the Catholics ended with religious freedom in England, local government determining religion in Augsburg, and religious autonomy in German provinces.
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1525 – Civil war over the throne betwn 2 sons recently dead emperor -> Atahualpa won and became the emperor 1531
- Inca empire & army weakened
1532 – Francisco Pizarro and conquistadors arrived
- Battle of Cajamarca = Spanish & attacked & took Atahualpa Captive
1533 – Spanish killed Atahualpa & placed Manco Capac II on the throne as puppet emperor
1536 – Manco Capa II escaped & led a revolt against Spanish
1572 – Spanish captured Vilcabamba & executed the last Inca Emperor, Tupac Amaru -
GOVT
-Emperor -> Harem + advisors -> Upper ranks of court – non- native Muslims -> Lower Ranks of Court – everyone else
- ZAMINDARS = officials who ruled local districts (district according to the wishes of emperor Salary obtained by tax farming)
RELIGON
- Sunni Islam but religiously tolerant because population is mostly Hindu
Status Women
-Own and inherit property and business, Some noble women get an education, Subservience to husband, keeping noble women away from men,arranged marriages -
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Son of a great samurai military commander
1560 – became daimyo of his clan and allied himself with other powerful daimyo
1568 – forces captured Kyoto (ending the Sengoku and the Ashikaga Shogunate)
1568-1578 – forces lay siege to many military strongholds -> control much of central and southern Japan
1582 – Assassinated by one of his generals -
"righthand man" former guy
conquer much North Japan->"Shogun"(nvr named by Emperor)
POLICIES
-landsurvey progrm – measure/register all could tax
-Sword hunt–confiscate weapons belong 2 peasant->martial arts
-Established 4-class nonnoble systm (Chinese models)=Emp.->nbls->samurai->peasant->artisan->merchant
-outlawed Christianity
=response 2 Missionaries,Destroying shrines(hyperbole),"corrupting lwr class"
=missionaries ordered 2 leave Japan (Merchants allow 2 cont. trading)->allowed 2 stay later -
CULT&SOC
Kept social class system frm previous Shogun
Japan Confucianism
wmn arranged marriages cmn,Lost right 2 get prprty
Educational opportunities 4 females increased slightly
Some became Geishas–specially trained entertainers
RELIGON (Buddhism&Shintoism)
Persecution of Christians
ordered missionaries 2 leave->100% outlawed Christianity->Japanese ppl ordered 2 register w/ nearest Buddhist tmpl
Foreign Policy
like china -
GOVT"centralized"
Council Elders–Shogun&trusted allies
Metsuke–scrt popo 4 other daimyo
The Shogun=feudal military dictator
Allowed the daimyo 2 control local provinces (also local taxes)if:
They kpt 2 houses (1 capital&1in province)
capital=bureacrat
n province they run their own affairs & family live n Edo=hostages
marriages btwn fams approved by Shogun
ECON
Shogun controll Ag&coin mining
Daimyos pay 4 construction proj.–>low treasuries
only dutch merchants allowed
trade cont. w/ Korea & China -
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First ruler to be called Czar
Limited the power of the nobles (boyars) by seizing and distributing their lands
Established a secret police force (Oprichnika) to prevent treason
Expansion continued – Conquered territories from the Mangols and Cossacks
Maintained trade contacts with Europe
His Son had a wife that Ivan disapproved of
He did not like her and beat her up and Son got in the way and Ivan killed him
Also killed his unborn baby and this made him love his lineage -
- Began when Ivan IV's son/successor, Feodor I died in 1598
- Succession crisis --Different families claimed the throne -> no clear leadership -Ended in 1613 – Assembly of Boyars selected Mikhail Romanov as Czar
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Japan was once a very separated state that was always at war with itself, but then Nebunaga and Hideyoshi came along to unite Japan under one shogunate. Tokugawa usurped Hideyoshi's heir and established his own bloodline as the new shogunate. He would take relatives of the dainyo hostage to ensure loyalty and due to the peace the samurai had no place. Instead the samurai became educated artists and scholars, but peasants suffered. Art flourished with poetry, drama, and lounge singers.
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Causes:
-Increased competition btwn Europeans pwrs
-Mercantilism
-Joint-stock companies – used to facilitate colonization
EFFECTS
-Large colonial holdings
-Wars over territories & resources(7 years war)
-Trans-oceanic Trading networks:
=American Silver->East Asian markets
=East Asian goods-> European markets
=Slave Trade
=Goods from the Americas-> old World markets
=Western European Goods-> Old World
-Trade=increase peasants & artisan labor to produce foods/goods -
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Cause = Louis XIV's regents limited the nobility & parliaments
Major phases
-1st phase
--Attempt 2 limit the power of the monarchy & promote reforms:
---Tax relief,further approval by parliaments, Eliminate positions of local bureaucrats, End arbitrary imprisonment
--Regents imprisoned 2 parliament leaders -> civil war
--Ended w/ Peace of Rueil
-2nd phase
--Conflict between nobles & the Regents over power,Resulted in division amongst the nobles,Led 2 the absolutism of Louis XIV -
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Took place in New England Rebellion by Wampanoag and other tribes against English colonization Results Metacom beheaded Survivors sold to slavery
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Pueblo Revolts in (what is now) New Mexico and Arizona (1680) Native reaction against the Encomienda System Coordinated attack by 100 Pueblo villages against Spanish settlers and Encomanderos After math Main leader, pope, ordered the elimination of all Spanish practices Spanish reconquest of these areas by 1692
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Conflict between Mughal armies (under Aurangzeb) vs the Marathas Marathas = movement to establish Hindu rule Effects Further weakening of Mughal Empire Formation of Maratha Confederation
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-half-sister organized a revolt of the Russia military units to install her brother, Ivan as Czar:
-Ivan and Peter ruled as Co-czars
-Peter never trusted traditional Russian ways
Grand Embassy (Traveled through Europe in "disguise")
POLICIES
-secret police force & established a western-style military force
-Absolutism
=Created his own class of noble(weakened traditional nobility)
-"westernizing Decrees" =Many unhappy peasants and nobles
-Established new capital of St. Petersburg -
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After the Manchu people invaded regions of China, the Ming Dynasty (the last native ruled dynasty) fell and the Qing Dynasty replaced it. China was expanded to Central Asia and isolationism was put into place, but it was eventually softened to allow foreign governments to enter the country. During this time, art and peace flourished, Confucianism and Buddhism were common, Manchu culture blended with Chinese, and corn and potatoes were newly planted. This was the last dynasty of China.
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Absolutism became Europe's main type of monarchy due to the fall of feudalism, the church's loosened grip, and rise of the gentry; however, during the Enlightenment people began to speak out about their rights. People like John Locke, Thomas Paine, and Montesqieu (etc) came up with the foundations for separation of powers, natural rights, and equal living. These ideas would go on to influence many people for many years and help set the foundations for the US government.
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Declaration of Independence would inspire others for many years.
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Long
SocialClssSyst
1stEstateClergy1%ofPop10%ofland)noTax
2nd=Nobles2%ofpop35%land,notax,Someupset byFronde
3rd=otherppl97%poppaytax
Other
Inc.pop>resource/foodshortages,DebtcausedbyWars&spendingbypreviouskings
alleviatedebts,newkingwantNobles&Clergypaytaxesrefuse&Loansfrmbanks(refuse
Short
EstatesGeneralnoagree>Members3rdgetlocked out
Lockedoutdelegates=NatAssembly+sympatheticdelegates=Pledge2writeaconstitutionKingmadealldelegatesjoinNatAssembly
madearmytakeupdefensive positions=biggersituation -
-Mob unrest&violence cont. in Frnc
-King + Family tried escape 2 Austria(wrst enemy)
-Sept 1791–constitution ratified
=Constitutional Monarchy,"Legislative Assembly"= one-house parliament, Reps elect by males paid poll tax, Most no like
-Jan–Sept 1792
=Fnc declare war Austria,Prussia,Piedmont-Sardinia why
=Legislative Assembly afraid Austria wanted 2 restore power 2 King, other countries worry revolution spread 2 them, Attack 1st strat
-Mob Violence&Call for new constitution by radicals in L.A. -
Bastille – political prisoners (spoke out against government) Bastille=fortress/arsenal/prison=King's unfair authority The mob took over Bastille
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French independence
1792-slave revlt>unify war 4 indpndnc FRM SLAVER NOT FRANCE
-Leader=Francois Toussaint L'Overture
=Organize&train slaves in2 army rebellion put down
1794–Frnc's Nat Cnvntion abolish slavery>Frnch colonies ignore
-1799–1st Consul repeal decree no free slaves
-1802–sent French troops
=Toussaint L'Overture captured died;Frnch control restore
1803–Final Stage Revolution
-Yellow Fever epidemic+wars Euro>fewer Frnch soldiers>Rebel armies, led by Jean Jacques Dessalines defeat Frnch -
FEMINISM movement BEGINNINGS
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1793
-deadKing>morecontriesjoinwar
-CPS
-NationalDraftmenbtwn18othercitizenswork4goodofFrnc
-CivilWarRoyalistsinWestFrncFoodshort>mobviolence
TheTerror
-CPStookovergovt(dictatorshipRobespierre)
-EVENTS
-NeighborhoodWatch Committeessetup(seeiftraitors),alotppl foundguilty&executed
-Established"RepublicofVirtue"
=Pblcschool4all,freeteachhow2produceincfood,foughtinflationfixed prices&Wages,noslaveryFrnchcolonies,religioustolerationno4Church
end
-warstop&Robespierreexecuted4notgiveuppower -
Govt = elected legislature called National Convention
-Voting by all adult, male citizens
Monarchy ended King tried 4 treason & executed
New French cultural practices (attempt @fresh start)= "liberty, equality, fraternity"
-No more social classes–all are "citizen(ess)"
-Simpler system of measures>Metric system
-New calendar system (day 1 of year 1 = date of new constitution) New system of months (with names that reflected the time of the year)10 day wks – 1 day wknd Attack on Church (NO SUNDAY -
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New constitution
-Two elected branches of government
-Executive branch = council of five "directors"1795
Two-housed legislature
Voting rights only for male property owners
Many problems develop
Government Corruption
Rise of Royalist sentiment – Call for Louis XVI's brother to become the king
Economic problems
Food shortages -> riots
The national debt gotten even bigger
France's army is revered by the people – protected people during the War
Most popular military figure = Napoleon Bonaparte -
Napoleon successful overthrow of Directory
-New constitution=Napoleon the Consul 4 life
Napoleon remade govt&society based on his ideas
Nat School systm,Fix financial systm Bank,Everyone tax,Fix price&wage>control inflation&high price
-France law code=Napoleonic code
=law base on Enlightenment=Religious toleration,Legal equality 4 men,Advancement on merit
=law based on Napoleon ideas=Censorship all speech,Wmn no rights
-The war w/ Europe ended=False sense security
-Louisiana purchase -
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Nap defeat alliance Aust,Prus,Rus>control west&Cent Euro
-continental syst=Frnce&ally no trade w/ GB, no import Brit goods in2 Euro, order Frnch ally ship 2 seize ship carry Brit good>Brit seize ship 4 Euro no stop@GB 1st >war 1812
-Frnch fail b/c Brit Naval better
-Peninsular War
-invade Russ=Russ out CS>Nap invade>big defeat
-“War of liberation”-free Central Euro
-Euro meet Paris>Nap surrender>exile>King
-Nap no exile>Regained French throne w/ help of Frnch Army>Euro defeat Nap>Nap exile -
Napoleon planned to invade Great Britian' Foiled by the naval defeat
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07–Napoleon>royal fam&court move 2 Brazil
-Cultural&infrastructure improv>Econ boom Brazil
=direct trade w/ Port allies,Mining&agri indust profitable
09–Port. free, Royal family stayed>20–Revolt in Port>New Govt>New Port govnt demand,Return Royal fam, Brazil return 2 colonies
-King pick son Regent of Port Empire&return
=W/ blessing of dad Pedro call constitutional con
22-Brazil declare indp. frm Port>constitutional monarchy
22-23-"war" 4 indp
25–Brazil indp
89–Emperor overthrown>Brazil Republic -
1810
-Costilla priest=Champ of lower class.Want improve life poor, no slave
-march of Native merican&Mestizo 2 Mxco City>rvlt
-Hidalgo defeat
1813-15
-Morelos priest>capture S Mxco>defeat&kill Morelos
1820-3
-Problems in Spain>Creoles join
-Army led Iturbide, sent2end revolt>revolutionaries&Army join&Occupy Mxco City 12
-Iturbide=Emperor of Mxco
1823-4
-Iturbide overthrown&killed
-Mxco became "republic" General Santa Anna(Alamo
United Provinces Central mericaUPCA indp. frm Mxco
-38 UPCA split up -
-Overall principles
=Compensation
=Restoration of Euro's monarchies 2 power
=Balance Power
="Encirclement"-create states around Frnc
Main Results
-France gave up territories and pay $
-Restoration of Euro monarchies
-Establish new countries as buffer states around Frnc
-alliances formed
Future consequences
-inc liberalism–mvmnt stress importance of social&democratic reforms
=Other revolution (Haitian&Latin American)
-inc Nationalism
-competition&confusing alliances in Euro>main causes of WWI -
North S Merica
-mvmnt cntr in Caracas
=Simon Bolivar
-17–22 rebellion free Gran Colombia&30–Gran Colombia split
South S Merica
-mvmnt cntr in Buenos Aires
=Napoleon>lack Spanish>rebel
-16–United Provinces of Rio de la Plata declare indp.
-Jose de San Martin
-22 Rvltionary Conference btwn Martin&Bolivar
-Martin want newly-indp. countries 2 frm monarchies
-Bolivar want newly-indp. countries 2 frm republics
-Martin lt Bolivar take cntrl rvltionary mvmnt
25–Spanish colonies in S Merica indp -
1821 – Greeks revolted against the Ottomans Ottoman Empire
-Originally no support from European governments – Why?
=Upset balance of power – Congress of Vienna -> anti-nationalism and anti-revolution
=Greeks gained support (&volunteers) from Europe & America
==Support of Christianity,Bought into the Propaganda, Love of (Ancient) Greek Culture
1827 – Britian, France, and Russia got involved
1830 – Greece granted independence -
Establishes immense European influence over China.
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The Ottoman Empire was crumbling and was known as the "Sick Man of Europe". The change in trade patterns took a toll on the empire, so they had to come up with the reforms to modernize themselves in order to preserve what they had left. They attempted to increase agriculture, improve military, and decrease corruption. They embraced western concepts and Enlightenment ideals by remodeling their government to be secularized. They ended up losing many of their Ottoman values.
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Britain's control over India is what initiated the overselling and overuse of Opium. China had traditionally used the opium for medicine, but Britain supplied them with enough to use liberally. China had declared war upon finding out the British began smuggling opium into China. The first war ended with China opening treaty ports, so foreign countries could trade legally. The second war began at these ports when opium was no longer welcomed in China, but it was soon after legalized.
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The Ottoman Empire was crumbling and was known as the "Sick Man of Europe". The change in trade patterns took a toll on the empire, so they had to come up with the reforms to modernize themselves in order to preserve what they had left. They attempted to increase agriculture, improve military, and decrease corruption. They embraced western concepts and Enlightenment ideals by remodeling their government to be secularized. They ended up losing many of their Ottoman values.
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Cause of much Irish immigration west
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Rvltions of 1848
-Separate nationalistic groups w/in Empire demand rebel
-Many nationalistic groups rebell agnst Austrian gov.
rvlts 48 fail b/c
-Russia help,no 1 anti-Austrian force
Results
-Re-establish Hapsburg
-weakening Austria's pwr b/c wars w/ other Euro. Pwrs
-Dual Monarchy 67
=Austria lost 7 Weeks' War (Austria Prussian War)
=Weak position=pwr 2 Hungarians>big revolts>67 compromise 1 county divided 2 semi-indp Kingdoms
=largest ethnic groups happy,Slavic ppls mad>more Nationalism>WWI -
After the Qing Dynasty began persecuting the Christian population, thye Taiping people rose to eradicate China of the Manchu people. Their goal was to restore China to her past greatness, but the rebellion failed. The Qing were able to end the rebellion with the help of the British and French. The rebellion is said to be the deadliest in history claiming between 20 million and 70 million lives. Though it failed, the rebellion was able to weaken China.
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Were they though
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As Japan's isolationism begins to fall, a civil war begins between the Tokugawa Shogunate and samurai who believe modernization is the right path. By 1869 the shogunate is abolished and an emperor takes its place to begin the westernization reforms. They remodeled much of their military, government, and industries to look more western and by 1900 they became the most industrialized nation in Asia.
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Imperialism was becoming a trend in this new age as many countries began fighting for territory in Africa. They convinced themselves they were "saving the savages" by giving them structure and education, but they were splitting up people and inflicting much harm. Their goals were mainly economically and politically based, and in the end ethnicities and religions in Africa were partitioned unjustly.
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The Scramble for Africa was in full swing, but Germany had no claim to any of the land. They held the conference to split up the land with Britain and France gaining most of the claim. Powers had to notify each other before claiming any African colonies. Much of the Democratic Republic of the Congo was put into the hands of King Leopold the second to help Germany. Countries split up former African countries to establish new ones which would lead to conflict amongst the natives.
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Generated widespread American support for getting involved in WWI.
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backed by Great Britian
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-portion of track of the South Manchurian Railway sabotaged
-Japanese guarding this railroad accused Chinese nationalists; done by the Japanese army ->Used this to invade and take over Manchuria
--weak politicians in Japan were forced by army to support this
-Chinese people began to boycott Japanese Goods Japan Retaliated
--Invaded South-central China – briefly seizing Shanghai & Beijing Japan set-up Manchuria as an “independent” in 1932 ->Installed Pu Yi (last Chinese Emperor) as its "ruler" -
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"Millions arrested/killed who were viewed as “enemies to state”.
Put many in labor camps (gulags)" -
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- Churchill and Roosevelt met with Jiang Jeishi (leader of the Nationalist Government of China)
- Promised to help Japan be defeated and stripped of territorial gains
- Promised to preserve Nationalist control of China and elevate it to a global power after the War -Agreements on China --Preserve Nationalist control of China --Global power after the War -> permanent seat on the UN security Council
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- Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin
- Germany to be divided into 4 zones of occupation
-- Divisions become the basis for the creation of East and West Germany (East and West Berlin) - Soviets allowed to control the Eastern part of Poland, but Poland would be recreated from some parts of German territory
- Eastern Europe Liberated by USSR – Stalin promised to allow free elections in Eastern Europe -- USSR set up puppet governments there, instead
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wanted Communists and Nationalists to work together->Chiang continued to build up his forces to defeat Communists&Mao, with his power base in Yan'an, gathers one million troops and gained growing support from the rural peasants and Urban workers angry with Chiang's policies
October 1, 1949 – established the People's Republic of China (with its at Beijing)
Chiang and his remaining forces escaped to Taiwan and established the Republic of China (with its Capital at Taipei) -
"Gandhi leads peaceful protests for independence.
Partition itself was bloody." -
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"Capitalism (U.S./Western Europe) against communism (USSR and China).
Lots of suspicion about motives of the other side.
Tensions in proxy wars, like in Korea and Vietnam." -
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CHINA (COMMUNIST)
Large Scale industry was controlled by the Government Small businesses (mostly trading and Manufacturing) were continued to be owned privately Land Redistribution – lands taken from wealthy landowners and given to peasant families Many rich land owners and landlords were tried for "crimes against the people" and executed -
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Main Idea _ artists and intellectuals freely express what they thought about the Communist revolution/government so far Two possibilities for his intentions The Results
- Many artists and intellectuals gave scathing criticisms
- Most of these people were removed from their positions and sent to prison and labor camps
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"Mao Zedong’s idea to boost Chinese economy.
Combined farmers into small communes– peasants not allowed to own land.
Economic downturn.
20 million died (mostly from hunger)."
Mao's version of Stalin's Collectivization and Five-Year Plans with a twist
Beginning 1955, Mao ordered the Collectivization of farms->Beginning in 1958, Mao combined the collective farms into larger units called "people's communes" which were farmed by about 30,000 people each -
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"Mao Zedong’s attempt to stop influence of capitalism.
Shipped many off to countryside for “re-education”." -
- Originally Pakistan = Urdu-speaking West Pakistan and Bengali-speaking East Pakistan (separated by India)
- East Pakistan began to revolt to separate
- India allied with East Pakistan
- Violent
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