-
The Abbasid Caliphate was the second of the major Muslim dynasties. They made great advancements within Islam but became weak and eventually collapsed.
-
The Song Dynasty was a very advanced and influential dynasty that ruled over China. It made great cultural and technological advancements that have been seen throughout history.
-
This rice was extremely important during this time. Because of its plenty, it increased population and boosted health conditions.
-
Paper has been in China for a while, but it became very popular during this time period. It boosted literacy and education rates greatly across the world.
-
Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire and was the first Great Khan. He build his empire and invaded with his powerful nomads across Afro-Eurasia.
-
Many innovations led to such important trade and travel. Example include dhows, astrolabe, compass, caravel, and camel saddles.
-
The Mongol Empire was the largest land based empire ever. They led conquests into other empires and brutally defeated them almost all of the time.
-
The Magna Carta is a book that points out the freedoms and rights of an individual. This book is very influential and has been used in writing works such as the Bill of Rights.
-
The Crusades were led by Christian into the holy lands. Their goal was to stop Muslim expansion and take back the land that was originally their own.
-
Marco Polo was an Italian merchant, explorer, and writer. He traveled on the Silk Road across Asia, establishing ties with China.
-
Timbuktu was a very famous city established under the Mali Empire. It led to great growth in trade and diversity.
-
Ibn Battuta was a Moroccan Muslim scholar who traveled for 30 years spreading Islam. While writing his book, he played a major role within Islam and left a great influence.
-
The Aztecs were arguably the most powerful empires in Mesoamerica. They flourished using advanced agricultural methods and the tribute system.
-
The Black Death was a global epidemic beginning in China. Spreading on trade routes, it devastated populations and economies.
-
The Indian Ocean Trade Route, connecting East Asia with East Africa, was a very important network. Foreign goods were traded swiftly across the water which built connections throughout different parts of the world.
-
Using camels and caravans, the Trans-Saharan Trade Routes flourished throughout this period. Spreading Islam while building African empires made this network very impactful.
-
Zheng He led ships throughout Indian Ocean, South China Sea, Arabian Sea, Red Sea, and along the coast of eastern Africa. He spread the glory of the Ming Dynasty while establishing trade and alliances.
-
The Inca Empire was a very tightly controlled empire in Peru, using the Mita system. They made improvements in roads, walls, and irrigation.
-
Many countries established trading post empires. They taxed those who used their sites and routes.
-
Boyars were Russian men. They were the highest rank of the Slavic Feudal Society.
-
Janissaries were enslaved people who were trained to become elite army members. They allowed the Ottoman Empire to make great strides in terms of military and power.
-
The Age of Exploration was a very influential and impactful time for the whole world. Many new trade routes and networks were set up as well as civilization.
-
Constantinople was the capital city of the Byzantine Empire which fell due to the invasion of the Ottoman army. This was devastating to trade, people, and economies throughout.
-
The Silk Road, connecting China to the West, was one of the most important networks of exchange of all time. Goods form different parts of the world could be easily shared which benefited many states.
-
Vasco da Gama was the first European to reach India by sea. This boosted Europe forward in terms of setting up new ports and routes.
-
Prince Henry was a very important figure in exploration and discovery. He inspired and led many other people to continue to sail and explore.
-
The Italian explorer Christopher Columbus sets sail from Spain in hopes to find a new trading route with Asia. Him and his crew end up in the Americas.
-
Along with Columbus's contact with the Americas, trade began to increase. Many goods, animals, and diseases were traded between Europe and the Americas.
-
The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade was very popular among transporting slaves from Africa to the Americas. Europe profited greatly, and Africa struggled.
-
The Safavid Empire was one of the greatest Iranian empires. They built their state under the unity of Shia Islam.
-
The two main branches of Islam, the Ottoman Sunni and the Safavid Shia, started another long lasting conflict. Due to them sharing a border, there was always disputes and hatred.
-
Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses the door of a church. His writings went against the Roman Catholic Church which sparked corruption.
-
The Reformation was a movement in which the Roman Catholic church was challenged by the Protestants. This was a major shift for Christianity which split the church.
-
The Mughal Empire in India and Pakistan. It began to spread Islam and Muslim culture in South Asia
-
Suleiman I, also known as Suleiman the Magnificent, was the arguably the greatest ruler of all time. He reformed and expanded the Ottoman Empire and allowed it too flourish with following rulers.
-
The Sultanate of Women was a very influential time within the Ottoman Empire. The women took strong roles and leadership within the empire.
-
The Tokugawa Shogunate was founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu. This would go on to unify Japan and build it into its modern state.
-
Chattel Slavery is the most common form of slavery. With the rise of civilizations in the New World, slavery became a way of life.
-
The Ottomans used this system to consolidate their power. They took enslaved people from tribute states and made them serve in the military or within the empire.
-
The Enlightenment period was a very key turning point for the world and its development. New views over religion, the world, politics and humankind in general led to many reforms and revolutions.
-
The technological improvements seen throughout the Industrial Revolution were incredible. From the cotton gin to the telephone, the steps toward modernization were in full effect.
-
Laissez-Faire began to rise in these capitalism based economies. Competition became popular and free trade boosted the industrialization.
-
Beginning in Great Britain, the Industrial Revolution began to sweep over the world. This sparked many technological advancements and led the way for machinery made items.
-
The American Revolution was the fight for freedom against British Rule. This led to the independence and founding of the United States of America.
-
If a economy wanted to succeed in this Industrial based world, they needed raw materials. Britain saw early success because of their plentiful resources.
-
Many farmers switched form subsistence farming to cash crop farming. The demand for the cash crops was worth it but came with sacrifices.
-
The Haitian Revolution was the overthrow of the French regime in Haiti. This slave revolt resulted in abolition of slavery and independence.
-
Muhammad Ali of Egypt led Egypt to the westernization and modernization seen today. He organized reforms in the military, economic, and cultural spheres.
-
Unfairness was seen in the treatment of Native Americans. This was seen with the relocation of Cherokee Nation on the Trail of Tears.
-
Opium Wars were fought between Britain (and France in the 2nd) and the Qing Dynasty. This was fought because of the trade restrictions that the Chinese government had placed.
-
Manifest Destiny was the belief of the US expansion across North America. This helped build America into what it is today by opening many new opportunities.
-
Karl Marx was a very popular political figure who advocated communism. HIs ideas to solve social systems brought major attention and hate.
-
The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women's rights convention. Its purpose was to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of women.
-
Gold was found at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California. This sparked a mass migration of people to California and made it the 31st state.
-
The Meiji Restoration was a very important event that ended the Japanese Tokugawa. This resulted in modernization and industrialization.
-
The Chinese Exclusion Act banned Chinese immigration to the United States. This was the first immigration law of its kind and had drastic effects on Chinese communities.
-
The Berlin Conference was a very important part of the colonization of Africa. It split Africa up into sections for European countries to colonize regardless of the native responses.
-
The Trans-Siberian Railroad became a very key benefit relating to Russia's growth. The railroad allowed for goods to be transported efficiently across a very long distance.
-
A Banana Republic is a country that is dependent on the exportation of a limited product, such as bananas, or minerals. This term was seen when describing Honduras and neighboring countries who were being exploited by the US.
