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Beginning about 5000 b.c.e., an increasing use of plant foods eventually led to the domestication of certain plants. People grew beans, peppers, avocados, squash, and eventually maize.
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Geographically, the region of Mesoamerica is a complex patchwork of zones that is also divided vertically into cooler highlands, tropical lowlands and coasts, and an intermediate temperate zone. These climatic variations created different possibilities for human exploitation. They also created a basis for trade as peoples attempted to acquire goods not available locally. Much trade flowed from the tropical lowlands to the cooler central plateau.
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This existed by 1000 C.E., involving timber and perfumes
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1- local or long distance trade could spread knowledge of new developments or products.
2- second type of contact resulted from migration and invasion.
3- Direct trade, diplomatic relations, and military activity between two major early civilization centers. -
By 700 b.c.e., several Greek centers had trading connections around the Black Sea and in Egypt and southern Italy.
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By the 8th century, Arab traders took control of the Indian Ocean from Tamil merchants and reduced india's commercial strength.
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Life of Buddha
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The absolute and increasingly self-serving dominance of the brahmans, the succession of petty wars between the kings they advised, and the religious bankruptcy displayed by the sacrificial cults all prompted major challenges. These challenges and the brahman responses to them both remade and enriched Indian civilization
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Alexander the Great
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Alexander's invasion of the Persian empire
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The long isolation of the Americas from the populations, and therefore from the diseases, of the Old World, and the inability of the Americas to share in the technological advances of the Old World proved disastrous after the first contact with Europeans. Ultimately however, the resilience of Indian cultures as well as their achievements in agriculture and social organization, shaped the societies of the Americas in many ways.
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Roman expansion in North Africa (Punic Wars) and eastern Mediterranean
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Founder of the brief Qin dynasty
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Page 69
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The introduction of the camel from Asia about the 1st century c.e. was an important innovation. Its ability to thrive in harsh desert conditions and to carry large loads cheaply made it an effective and efficient means of transportation. The camel transformed the desert from a barrier into a still difficult but more accessible route of trade and communication.
