- 
  
  
 - 
  
  
 - 
  
  
 - 
  
  lasted until 1763
 - 
  
  
 - 
  
  
 - 
  
  Declared on July 2, 1776. Approved by congress July 4, 1776. Signed on august 2, 1776.
 - 
  
  Lasted until October 19, 1781
 - 
  
  
 - 
  
  
 - 
  
  
 - 
  
  
 - 
  
  Lasted until March 23, 1815
 - 
  
  
 - 
  
  lasted until December 2, 1828
 - 
  
  ended in 1843
 - 
  
  ended in 1839
 - 
  
  developed in the 1830s and 1840s
 - 
  
  Ended February 2, 1848
 - 
  
  
 - 
  
  Ended on April 14, 1861
 - 
  
  On September 22,1862 a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation was issued (after the battle at Antietam).
 - 
  
  They were adopted between 1865 and 1870.
 - 
  
  
 - 
  
  
 - 
  
  
 - 
  
  Ended in 1911
 - 
  
  electric light-1879,
telephone-1876,
airplane-1903 - 
  
  Ended July 6, 1892
 - 
  
  Ended August 1898
 - 
  
  Won a second term in 1904