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George Washington Elected President
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Established the Supreme Court
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Federalists oppose it, Anti-Federalists support (U.S. Neutral)
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Rhode Island becomes 9th state to officially ratify the Constitution
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Alexander Hamilton creates Bank of the United States - opposed by Jefferson
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illegal act to help slaves escape
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Proclamation of American Neutrality by George Washington to keep America neutral after France declares war on Britain, Spain, and Holland
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1st time U.S. Government uses Federal troops to subdue domestic issues. Farmers did not like new excise taxes.
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U.S. cheaply pays 12 Native American tribes for Ohio territory
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John Adams (Federalist) defeats Thomas Jefferson (Republican) in first contested Presidential Election; Jefferson becomes Vice President
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French try to extort U.S. for diplomatic meetings – public wants war
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Expanded Government power, limit dissent and weakening of Gov’t, ruled unconstitutional
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increase state rights over Federal rights, written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
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Major religious reform movement; helps increase abolition
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Thomas Jefferson defeats John Adams (controversy); Aaron Burr is VP
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Alexander Hamilton suggests U.S. capital moves to Washington, D.C. this helped gain Southern support for Hamilton’s economics)
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John Marshall becomes first chief justice of the Supreme Court -Judiciary Act/Midnight Judges – Adams attempt to secure the Federalist party days before he is to leave office by appointing Federalists into office
Westward Expansion and Strained Neutrality (1803-1811) -
Establishes Judicial Review
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Not known to Jefferson if it was constitutional to annex land, Congress approves purchase from France, doubles the size of U.S.
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Placed by Jefferson on Britain/France; fails – hurts U.S. economy
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James Madison was elected President
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Tecumseh establishes Union of Native Americans to resist westward movement of U.S.
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William Henry Harrison leads attack on Tecumseh at Battle of Tippecanoe. He wins War of 1812 (1812-1815)
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Underground Railroad provides Northern escape for slaves
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James Monroe elected 5th President and was reelected in 1820
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Erie Canal construction begins to connect Great Lakes to Atlantic Ocean
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McCulloch vs. Maryland ruling confirms Congresses’ right to found the 2nd
Bank of the United States -
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it sets dividing line between free and slaves states at
latitude 36’30’ o Above line (free), Below line (slave) -
Stephen F. Austin establishes first U.S. Settlement in Texas
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claims western hemisphere closed to European intervention (first major U.S. foreign diplomacy)
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establishes federal control of interstate commerce
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Thomas Jefferson and John Adams die on same day (50th anniversary of Dec. of Independence)
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Andrew Jackson elected 7thPresident
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First Jim Crow Laws established legal segregation
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U.S. destiny and duty to expand and conquer the west
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William Lloyd Garrison – wants immediate emancipation
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ends Mexican War, Mexico cedes Texas and all land north of the Rio Grande to U.S. Creates modern border of the U.S. with
Gadsden Purchase -
North gets California as free states, ban of sale of slaves in D.C.
South gets stricter enforcement of Fugitive Slave Act, $10 mil to Texas -
By Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes
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Repeals Missouri Compromise, popular sovereignty to determine slave/free states
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John Brown leads antislavery massacre at Pottawatomie Creek, fight over slavery in Kansas
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Ruling effectively nullifies Missouri Compromise, declares that slaves are property – cannot sue.
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Stephen Douglas wins Illinois Senate seat. Lincoln a household name
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John Brown leads attack on arsenal at Harper’s Ferry; later captured and hanged
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Abraham Lincoln elected 16th President; South Carolina secedes the Union = Civil War
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Confederate States formed , Jefferson Davis – 1st and only President
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(S.C.) – confederates attack Union – war starts
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Homestead Act– 160 acres to each farmer willing to cultivate land in West
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bloodiest battle of the Civil War
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turning point of Civil War; South never recovers
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frees slaves in only Confederate states; foreign diplomacy!
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‘March to Sea’ – Atlanta to Savannah – destroys everything!
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abolishes slavery
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Gen. Robert E. Lee (confederacy) surrenders at Appomattox Court House to Union Gen. Ulysses Grant
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Abraham Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth; Andrew Johnson now President
Reconstruction (1865-1877) -
South establishes Black Codes– limits rights of freed blacks
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Grants citizenship to all people born in U.S. (14th
Amendment) -
Used to impeach Andrew Johnson (said he had violated it)
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U.S. purchase Alaska from Russia (becomes 49th state in 1959)
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connects the coasts of the United States; greatest transportation achievement
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Grants protection of voting rights to black males
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first black senator – Mississippi
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greatest example of a political machine (NYC)
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Authority of state governments over individuals
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Corruption in Grants administration & Republican party
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Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse lead Sioux to crushing victory of General George Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn
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Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone
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Gets women’s suffrage vote to Congress – leads to 19th Amendment
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Thomas Edison creates the electric light
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President James Garfield assassinated
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Gradual approach to equal rights – prove yourself W.E.B Dubois – changes in civil rights now; founds the NAACP
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Bans Chinese immigration for 10 years
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John D. Rockefeller – Standard Oil Trust; Andrew Carnegie – Steel
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Denies tribal rights, advances forced assimilation, opens lands to whites
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Outlaws monopolies, price-fixing, other trade restraints
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Federal forces massacre 200 Sioux Indians
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Formed specifically to give farmers a voice in government
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journalism that features unethical or unprofessional practices by news media
organizations or individual journalists. -
‘Separate but Equal’ is constitutional (overturned by Brown vs. Board of Education)
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Voting rights of blacks challenged with literacy tests and poll taxes
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Teddy Roosevelt leads Rough Riders, U.S. crushes Spain’s Navy
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ends the Spanish-American War
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President McKinley assassinated, Teddy Roosevelt now 26th President
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increases U.S. presence in Latin America
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writers who expose big business corruption
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set food quality standards
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connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (opens in 1914)
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introduces the Model T car, assembly lines introduced
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establishment of income tax , 17th Amend.– direct election of senators
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World War I begins in Europe
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German U-Boat sinks British passenger liner Lusitania, Americans killed on board
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Germany continues unrestricted submarine warfare – gets warning from U.S.
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intercepted by British, asks for Germany/Mexico alliance against U.S.;
US. Enters WWI -
establishes the draft
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by Woodrow Wilson, 14th pt most important – calls for League of Nations
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ends WWI; calls for heavy reparations on Germany, disarmament, and creation of League of Nations; U.S. Senate rejects it
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outlaws purchase, sale, and transport of alcohol
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women’s suffrage (right to vote)
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exposes massive corruption in Harding Administration
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ease war reparations on Germany
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popularizes debate over teaching evolution in schools – outlawed
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completes world’s first solo flight across Atlantic – seen as a hero
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executed for murder; controversial because the were anarchists, politically
motivated and unjustified -
‘Black Tuesday’ – launches Great Depression Great Depression and New Deal (1930-1939)
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(WWI vets) march on Washington demanding compensation – forced out
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt elected President
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U.S. unemployment rate reaches 25%, FDR claims Bank Holiday to fix banks
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FDR address public on radio – continues to 1944 – gives public hope
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creation of countless jobs, most productive of any president’s 1st 100 days
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Unemployment Relief Act and Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) to employ public works
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shifts presidential inaugurations from March to January
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repeals 18th amendment (prohibition)
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criticizes FDR, “Share Our Wealth” proposes large tax burden on wealthy
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supports union rights, protects collective bargaining
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establishes funds for unemployed and elderly
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agreement b/n U.S President FDR and Britain Prime Minister Churchill
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FDR elected for unprecedented 3rd Term
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provides U.S. loan aid to Britain, USSR & allied powers
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motivate U.S. citizens to support war efforts
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December 7, 1941 – Japan bombs Pearl Harbor – U.S. enters the War
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U.S. defeats Japan, seen as turning point in the war in the Pacific
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imprisonment of Japanese in California
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creation of the Atomic Bomb
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Allies invade Normandy, France on D-DAY, June 6, 1944 (largest land/sea invasion)
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begins to break down Axis position on western front
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Allies liberate Nazi concentration camps in Eastern Europe
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FDR dies, Harry Truman becomes President; Adolf Hitler commits suicide
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Germany surrenders on V-E-DAY(victory in Europe day)
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U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima (Aug. 6) and Nagasaki (Aug 9) – Japan surrenders
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United Nations created with 51 founding nations
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Prosecute Nazi war criminals Baby Boom, Economic Prosperity, and the Cold War (1946-1960)
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describes division of Communist Eastern Europe from Western Europe
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U.S. intent to fight Communism by helping free nations resist it.
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Postwar economic recovery to help Western Europe; largest relief aid given by the U.S. in U.S. history
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USSR blocks all aid into West Berlin; Berlin Airlift – U.S. drops food and supplies by air to West Berlin
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Harry Truman orders desegregation of military
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created – alliance system of 26 countries in North America and Europe
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begins rabid anti-communist campaign; hurt when he accuses military of having communists; alcoholic
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Korean war begins ; U.S. aids South Korea against North Korea; Peace Treaty in 1953
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Julius and Ethel Rosenberg executed for espionage;
Alger Hiss convicted of perjury – 1991 Soviet documents confirm their guilt! -
overturns Plessy vs. Ferguson; says separate but equal is unconstitutional
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(Truman) must stop spread of all communism; “Domino Theory” (Eisenhower) – fears that Indochina must not go communist or it will spread all over the world
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Temporally divides Vietnam at 17th parallel
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Rosa Parks arrested for not giving up seat on bus to whites; sparks Montgomery Bus Boycott
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creates polio vaccine
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USSR launches first satellite in space – Sputnik
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JFK vs. Nixon (JFK wins); JFK president 1960
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JFK launches New Frontier platform to help America
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Lunch Counter “Sit-Ins” spark waves of civil rights protest; SCLC created by MLK, Jr.
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Failed invasion of Cuba by U.S. (CIA) trained military
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divides East and West Berlin (East was communist)
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standoff b/n U.S. and USSR after Soviets placed missiles in Cuba pointed at the United States; no fighting incurs
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“I have a dream” speech given by MLK – speech for civil rights
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Lee Harvey Oswald assassinates JFK in Dallas, TX
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launches “Great Society” program to end poverty and racism
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bans discrimination in education, employment, & public places
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broadens LBJ’s military powers in Vietnam – no declare war
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Voting Rights Act of 1965– bans literacy tests for voting
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blamed whites for African American problems; assassinated
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police must read suspects their rights
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first black justice of the Supreme Court
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Sirhan Sirhan assassinated Robert Kennedy, JFK’s brother; Richard Nixon voted President
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James Earl Ray assassinated MLK, Jr. – hurts Civil Rights movement
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Tet Offensive launched by North Vietnamese Army – turning point of U.S. in Vietnam
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Apollo 11 lands on the moon, Neil Armstrong first to walk on moon
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U.S. soldiers kill 200 innocent men, women, and children
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7,000 page document outlining U.S. government plan in Vietnam; shows gov’t was not telling truth to public.
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Nixon authorizes break-in and wiretapping of Democratic National Committee headquarters in Watergate complex in Washington, D.C
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U.S. withdraws from Vietnam; North Vietnam overtakes South after departure
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legalizes abortion (up to 3 months)
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fuel shortage in U.S. due to OPEC raising prices
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Jimmy Carter elected President
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Carter negotiates peace between Egypt and Israel
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nuclear power accident causes concern of nuclear safety
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Ronald Reagan elected 40th President
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Iran releases U.S. embassy hostages released after 444 days in captivity.
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Strategic Defense Initiative (a.k.a. STAR WARS) – space based missile defense proposed
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Space Shuttle Challenger explodes on takeoff, crew killed; space program never the same
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U.S. bombs Libya for supporting Palestinians
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Osama Bin Laden founds Islamist group Al Qaeda
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Chinese government crushes pro-democracy revolt in Tiananmen Square
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Berlin Wall falls (Reagan feels its U.S.’s great est accomplishment of the era)
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Saddam Hussein orders invasion of Kuwait; starts Operation Desert Storm
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Bill Clinton President; appoints Janet Reno first female attorney genera