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Unit 9 Timeline Civil Rights Movement
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White Primary abolished in GA part1
When African Americans were given the right to vote by the U.S Constitution in 1870, they all thought that they were home free, and they finally had equal voting rights as the white men in the U.S. However, as the people of the South always did, they found a loophole to allowing blacks to vote. Their main loophole was that the constitution only stated that blacks were allowed to vote in the general elections; the constitution did not say that they were allowed the right to vote in the primaries. -
White Primary abolished in GA part 2
In GA, and most of the other southern states, the primaries were their elections because most of the states only had one party. So, in the end, blacks were still stuck with less voting rights then white men, because even if they voted in the general election, the people who voted in the primaries had all the power to decide who won.
It seemed hopeless for the blacks until the year of 1946 when the King v. Chapman case came along. -
White Primary Abolished in GA part 3
In this case, man named Primus E. King decided to test the ban on the white primaries by trying to walk in on one in Muscogee county. When he was denied entry, he went to a white lawyer in that area, and got himself into court on the grounds that the 14th, 15th, and 17th amendments by denying him his right to vote. -
White Primary abolished in GA part 4
Info:http://tw0.us/VQ and http://tw0.us/RH and http://tw0.us/Rb
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The court then ruled in his favor in the year 1946, and since the Supreme Court was starting to outlaw all white primaries across the southern states, they also declared Georgia’s white primaries to be unconstitutional and they then were an outlawed that same year. By the end of 1946, at least 100,000 blacks were registered to vote, because now they felt they had some power in the southern states. -
Integration of Armed Forces part 1
During the time period of the 1960s, segregation was everywhere, even in the Armed forces. You would think that in combat there would hardly be any segregation, buy our forces had everything that a regular, segregated city would have. They had segregated bathrooms, showers, and even bedrooms. But on July 26, 1948, President Truman created and signed executive order 9981 which basically said that there would be no more segregation in the armed forces. -
Integration of Armed Forces part 2
Info: http://tw0.us/Yz and http://tw0.us/Rv
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Unfortunately, many of the generals and army staff did not care about the order and tried to keep segregating. However, they realized that inbattle, you did nto have time to care that a black person was sitting next to you, so they finally accepted integration. The main reason that President Truman cared enough to do this was because he wanted get reelected. Furthermore, the only way he could get reelected was if he -
Brown V. Board of Education part 1
This monumental case that affected the school systems around the U.S., all started with Mr. Oliver Brown and a group of parents in Topeka, Kansas. Mr. Brown, and all the other parents, were black, and they all had children that went to the segregated school for all the African American elementary school in that area. -
Brown V. Board of Education part 2
However, Linda Brown, Mr. Brown’s daughter, and all the other children, had to climb through forests, jump over creeks, and basically walk one mile of treacherous terrain to get to the bus stop. If this was the only school in the area they would have just dealt with it, except for the fact that the all-white-school was only several blocks from the children’s homes. -
Brown V. Board of Education part 3
Unfortunately, when the parents tried to enroll their children in these closer white schools, they were turned away because of their color and told to go to the colored school.
The parents would not take no for an answer, so they filed a lawsuit against the Topeka Board of Education with the help of the NAACP (National Association of Colored People) and their lawyers. -
Brown V. Board of Education part4
Unfortunately, the state courts did not rule in favor of the parents, so they decided to bring the case to the Supreme Court in 1951. It took three years to deliberate on this case, but in the year 1954 the parents won and the Supreme Court ruled that it was unfair to keep blacks and whites separate in the school systems. -
Brown V. Board of Education part 5
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PIcture: http://tw0.us/YI
Even though it took many years for all the schools to integrate and accept this now non-segregating policy, the old case of Plessy v.Ferguson whose ruling was, “Separate but equal,” did not apply to schools anymore. -
Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott part1
Rosa Parks was, at first glance a normal, African American woman, who worked as a seamstress in the city of Montgomery, Alabama. She rode the bus to her job every morning and night, but one night, when she was riding home, she started a revolution just by saying the word, “No”. The main rule on segregated buses at the time was that, even in the colored section, when a white person enters, if there are no open seats, the blacks would have get up and stand in order to let the white person sit. -
Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott part 2
That night, when Rosa Parks was asked to move, she simply replied, “No,” and when the bus driver threatened to arrest her, she said, “You may do that.” Rosa Parks was arrested, but little did she, or any of the officers, know that what had occurred would be talked about by every black woman in the town of Montgomery the next morning. -
Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott part 3
What Rosa Parks not only sparked the anger in the black population of Montgomery, it also attracted the attention of Mr. Martin Luther King Jr. and his non-violent protests that were spreading across the country. When Mr. King heard the news he joined forces with his colleague, Ralph Abernathy, to create the Montgomery Bus Boycott. In this boycott, the black people of Montgomery were asked to not ride the bus at all until the demands of their protest were complied. -
Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott part 4
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The demands were that the segregation on the buses would be outlawed, and that blacks would not have to move for whites on the bus. Almost all the blacks in Montgomery participated in the boycott, and King and Abernathy formed the MIA (Montgomery Improvement Association) so their voices were heard around the country. On November 23, 1956, the Supreme Court ruled that segregated buses were unconstitutional and were banned. -
Change to Georgia's State Flag part 1
At first, the state flag was untouched. It was probably the only thing in Georgia not segregated, but in 1956, Mr. John Sammons Bell, changed that with petition for a new flag. The proposed new idea for the flag was that on the flag, there was going to be the typical blue rectangle with the seal on the left side of the flag. -
Change to GA's state flag part 2
However, on the right side, instead of the previous three bars, there was the old confederate seal, the “Stars and Bars”. Mr. John proposed that this was only because he wanted the flag to symbolize all the confederate soldiers who fought for Georgia in the Civil War, but everyone knew, including the African Americans in Georgia, that this also had a double meaning to the government of Georgia. -
Change to GA's state flag part 3
Info:http://tw0.us/S2 and http://tw0.us/S0
Picture:http://tw0.us/S8
As it turns out, ever since the Brown v. Board of Education case declaring integration illegal in schools, Georgia’s governor, and legislator, decided to adopt a policy of “mass resistance” to this new law. So, when the new flag idea came along, the government of Georgia decided this was the opportunity to show everyone that Georgia was not changing from the old ways of the Confederacy and they adopted the flag. -
Crisis at Central High School and the "Little Rock Nine" part 1
After the declaration that segregating in schools was banned, most southern and mid west states ignored this statement. However, there were many states that completely accepted this policy such as the state of Arkansas. They completely believed in integration in schools and all of the cities in Arkansas immediately began to plan to gradually integrate their schools. One of those cities was Little Rock, Arkansas. -
Crisis at Central High School and the "Little Rock Nine" part 2
Their plan was to introduce integration to their high school, which was Central High School, and then their middle schools. Unfortunately, even though the overall government was prepared for this next step, the governor of Arkansas, Orval Faubus was not. In fact, the night before the first day of an integrated high school, he actually called in the Arkansas National Guard to surround the school and prevent any blacks from entering. -
Crisis at Central High School and the "Little Rock Nine" part 4
The nine black students, Thelma Mothershed, Elizabeth Eckford, Melba Pattilo, Jefferson Thomas, Ernest Green, Minniejean Brown, Carlotta Walls, Terrence Roberts, and Gloria Rays, or the “Little Rock Nine”, were stunned by this opposition against them, and even a few tried to get into the school but nearly got killed in the process. -
Crisis at Central High School and the "Little Rock Nine" part 3
The next day, an injunction was placed on the governor by Judge Ronald N. Davies, so that he could not continue to use the National Guard, but Governor Faubus still warned the black students away “for their own safety”. When they finally were able to go to school, they were accompanied by the 101st Air force division that President Eisenhower sent down, each kid with one guard and they went into the building. -
Crisis at Central High School and the "Little Rock Nine" part 5
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Even though they were teased, beaten, and insulted, the kids stayed in the school and at the end of the year, even one of the black kids graduated, Mr. Ernest Green, and the rest of them continued to stay in the school and graduate as well. -
Hebrew Benevolent Congregation in ATL bombed part 1
What most people do not realize is that during the Civil Rights movement, blacks were not the only ones that suffered from segregation. There was another main group, which were the Jews. The Jews were segregated just as the blacks, except there were less of them in cities, so people did not notice. In the city of Atlanta, GA, the main group of Jews went to the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation in what people like to call, “The Temple”, because it was the oldest synagogue in the state of Georgia. -
Hebrew Benevolent Congregation in ATL bombed part 2
These Jews were one of the first people to except integration into their synagogue because of the passionate Rabbi Jacob Rothschild. Unfortunately, because of the mass resistance policy the government and politicians of Georgia had accepted, any churches or synagogues that were anti-segregation were automatic targets for extremely racist southerners. -
Hebrew Benevolent Congregation in ATL bombed part 3
Info: http://tw0.us/Te
Picture: http://tw0.us/YQ
So, when “The Temple” was bombed with 15 sticks of dynamite on October 12, 1958, the 1,000 Jews that attended that synagogue ad no problem figuring out who destroyed their place of worship. The synagogue was eventually rebuilt, but this event did rock the resolve of the people in the synagogue, and the rest of the people in Atlanta who did not support segregation. -
Sibley Commision part 1
This commission was established in order for the government of Georgia to figure out what Georgians’ opinion on the new desegregation policy. The head of the newfound commission was John Sibley, a respected man in the community, and he disagreed with integration but also thought that the policy of mass resistance would not get Georgia anywhere, so he had opinion on both sides of the argument. -
Sibley Commision part 2
Info:http://tw0.us/Ti
PIcture:http://tw0.us/YR
When he went to collect the data, he found that over 2/3 of Georgians would rather have total segregation and anything but the policy of integration. So naturally, when he told the governor this, the governor could not decide anything with the pressure of it all, so the commission decided for him. They suggested that he should let the schools decide whether or not they wanted to be integrated, and public schools would still be state funded. -
Integration of the University of Georgia part 1
Inevitably, during this period of time, Georgia began to realize that eventually all schools were beginning to become integrated no matter what they did to try and stop it. But even though we were losing, we were still fighting, especially the universities. In the University of Georgia, there were two black students, Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter, who had applied to UGA almost every semester for at least two years. -
Integration of the University of Georgia part 2
Every time however, they were denied entry because the administrators, of the university, replied that they had “limited facilities” to accommodate the blacks. Finally, Holmes and Hunter took the case to the court, and on January 6, 1961, Judge William Bootle, ordered the university to accept the two blacks into their campus. Even though this order ended 160 years of segregation at UGA, that did not mean that the people were anymore open to integration 160 years ago. -
Integration of the University of Georgia part 3
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During the first weeks of Hunter’s and Holmes’ life on campus, a riot was started right outside of Hunter’s dorm. During this riot, bricks were thrown and fires were set around the building. The police did come to break it up, but the two blacks had already recieved the message that the years to come at the university would be the hard. Even after that though, they both graduated with good grades and went on to make good livings for themselves. -
Freedom Rides part 1
The famous “Freedom Ride” protest started when the CORE(the Congress of Racial Equality) stated that they were going to test the new law of the land, which said that segregation in interstate buses and railroad stations was banned. They decided to test it by sending people down, that history now knows as “Freedom Riders”, to sit the buses and rail stations and test if it were really true that blacks would not be segregated on buses or at rail stations. -
Freedom Rides part 2
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Unfortunately, when the “Freedom Riders” tried this experiment, they found out that hardly anyone accepted this new rule. These people were beaten; their buses were bombed, and they were met with violent whites wherever they went. Though these events occurred, when the black people got hurt, the more the non-segregation supporters called for action. So, the ICC instituted a rule that prohibited segregation on buses and rail stations. -
Albany Movement part 2
Soon, Martin Luther King Jr., who thought this was a good opportunity to create a huge mass movement and desegregate an entire city, and his SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) joined in, too. Unfortunately, what Dr. King and the protesters did not know is that the police chief, Laurie Pritchett, had studied up on Dr. King’s protests and how they were going to approach it. -
Albany Movement part 3
Info:http://tw0.us/Uy
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Instead putting protesters in one jail, like Dr. King wanted for overcrowding purposes, he sent protesters to different counties miles away. He also made sure to tell his officers to not be violent to the protesters in public, so Dr. King would not have that advantage. So soon, at one point where at least 500 people were jailed alongside Dr. King, they realized that they had failed and the protesting stopped. So he moved on to Birmingham, AL. -
Albany Movement part 1
In Albany, GA, in November 1961, a movement was started by three SNCC members, Charles Sherrod, Cordell Reagon, and Charles Jones to protest all the segregations rules of the city and try to make this the first desegregated city. At first, there were many doubters of this movement, even most blacks were skeptical of what they were doing. However, as the number of movements, meetings, and people being jailed rose, more and more people joined in protesting. -
Birmingham AL protests part 1
Unlike the unsuccessful Albany Movement, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., had a new tactic in mind when his campaign came to the town of Birmingham, Alabama to try and accomplish the same goal as in Albany. He wanted to desegregate the whole city. On April 2, 1963, Dr. King and his SCLC joined Birmingham’s ACMHR (Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights) to fight for the desegregation of Birmingham. -
Birmingham AL protests part 2
The main ways that they protested was boycotts on most stores, sit-ins at lunch counters, and non violent protests all around the city. Every day more protesters would get arrested, and then more would fill their places. Even Dr. King got arrested, but this time is voluntarily to gain more money for the campaign. The key of this protest though, sadly, was the children and young adults and their protests. -
Birmingham AL protests part 3
Unfortunately, on May 2 , 1963, when they began their second day of protesting( after the first day where at least 100 people were arrested), police were ordered to use any force necessary to disperse them. This included fire hoses on full blast into the protesters, clubs beating them at every angle, and being bitten by police dogs. When the public heard and saw this event, they were outraged and they called for action. -
Birmingham AL protests part 4
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So, President Kennedy sent down one of his chief advisors to organize negotiations between the city and the protesters. Finally, a compromise was made called the Birmingham Truce Agreement, where the compromise was that all “Blacks Only” signs were to be taken down in restrooms and drinking fountains; all jailed protesters were to be released; there would be a committee formed to monitor the city from now on. -
March on Washington DC part 1
Everyone has heard about this event. Everyone has heard the story that over 250,000 people showed up to protest that something meaningful eliminating segregation should be passed in Congress that people would follow and respect instead of continuing to segregate. This event not only was the biggest event of the entire Civil Rights Movement, it impacted the entire course of history. -
March on Washington part 3
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This event is also where Martin Luther King made his most famous speech, “I Have a Dream”. The results of this epic protest was that it showed the public that even though so many people were there, they remained non-violent, thus creating a very good image for the public. This protest also pushed Congress to pass the needed legislations for civil rights. -
March on Washington part 2
The most important people who showed up to this event were the “Big Six” speakers who represented the biggest civil rights groups. These speakers were: Martin Luther King Jr., who represented the SCLC; James Farmer, who represented CORE; James Lewis, who represented SNCC; A. Phillip Randolph, who represented the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters; Roy Wilkins, who represented the NAACP; and Whitney Young Jr., who represented the National Urban League. -
16th Street Baptist Chruch in Birmingham bombed part 1
fter the Birmingham truce had been agreed on, everyone thought the country’s focus would turn to something else since it was there were no more protests or anything. Sadly, they were mistaken. On September 15, 1963, at 10:22 a.m. a bomb containing 122 sticks of dynamite exploded in the 16th Street Baptist Church. This bomb injured twenty-three people and killed four. The four people killed were Denise McNaire, Addie Mae Collins, Carole Robertson, and Cynthia Wesley,all young children. -
16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham bombed part 2
Info:http://tw0.us/Yb and http://tw0.us/V1
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This bomb was placed by four members of the Cahaba Boys, branch of the KKK, who knew that Dr. King, Fred Shutterworth, and Ralph David Abernathy had used the church to meet during their campaign in Birmingham. The four men involved were Robert Chambliss, Herman Cash, Thomas Blanton, and Bobby Cherry. The main reason that this bombing occurred was to stall the Civil Rights movement. Thankfully, it didn't. -
John F. Kennedy assassinated part 2
As you can see, there were a lot of things that President Kennedy did that made a lot of enemies. However, no one expected that an enemy would actually shoot him in the middle of so many people. They also didn’t believe that the moment before the shot, were the last moments that America would see President Kennedy alive. He died in Parkland Hospital at 1:00 p.m. What was worse, the man that they found and arrested for the shooting hours later was a U.S marine, Lee Harvey Oswald. -
John F. Kennedy assassinated part 1
On November 22, 1963, in Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas, at 12:30 p.m., while parading around in his open-top car, President John F. Kennedy was shot. It was if at that moment all of the nation gasped in shock and denial that the president that went through the Civil Rights Movement, The Cuban Missile Crisis, The Cold War, and the impending Vietnam war was shot. As you can see from what I previously listed, there were a lot of things that President Kennedy that made a lot of enemies. -
John F. Kennedy assassinated part 3
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He had defected to the Soviet Union, had relations with Fidel Castro, and had a Russian wife, so he had all the reasons to kill him. Soon after JFK’s death his VP, Lyndon Johnson, was sworn in as President on Air Force One, and JFK’s death was a blow to the U.S , that we took quite a while to recover from the years following, and his death will always be remembered in our history. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964 passed
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Before Kennedy died, he made sure to leave an agenda for his VP, which included passing the Civil Rights Act that he created before he died. This act stated that segregation was prohibited ranging from anywhere public to all schools. It also eliminated employing on segregation. It covered the 14th amendment which stated for equal protection of the laws. This act was inspired by the events of the March on Washington. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965 passed
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Discrimination was not main cause of blacks to not resgister to vote; it was that every time they tried, the Southern states would have some test of poll that prevented the blacks from voting. This act, that President Lyndon Johnson signed, was to eliminate these discrimination tests in the south and allow blacks to freely vote. This act also outlawed violence around blacks at voting poll.This act covered the voting rights in the 15th amendment. -
Summerhill Race RIot (Atlanta) part 2
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The Race Riot occurred when a white police officer shot a black who he thought was stealing cars. All the black men retaliated against him and a riot soon formed. The riot lasted four days until the mayor came down and settled it. It was showed that the neighborhood needed help, so neigborhood associations were formed to put the neighborhood on tehe right track. -
Summerhill Race Riot(Atlanta) part 1
First, a little background on Summerhill; it was an all African- American and Jewish neighborhood that for many years was a fine place to live until the city of Atlanta started growing up next to it. As everybody knows with cities bring city folk, and with city folk brings segregation. As Atlanta grew and the people continued to push the neighborhood further down until it was nothing more than an unstable place where violence was outside every window every day. -
MLK assassinated part 1
You would think that after all that went wrong for America during the last remaining years of the Civil Rights Movement era, nothing else could happen. Unfortunately, on April 4, 1968, America once again gasped in horror as the news spread that the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. had died. On April 4, 1968, he was pronounced dead at St. Joseph Hospital at 7:05 p.m. in Memphis, Tennessee, after being shot fatally in face when he was standing on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel. -
MLK assassinated part 2
He was in Memphis to try and again help the Memphis sanitation workers who were on strike for unfair treatment in their jobs. The assassinator was James Earl Ray, a white man who hated blacks, who was later tried, convicted, and sentenced to 99 years in prison. When the news was heard around the country, in most cities, there was pure anger that someone would do this and many acts of violence occurred. However, in Atlanta there was only sadness. -
MLK assassinated part 3
Because this was his home town, they felt that if they reacted violently, they would be rejecting his entire life motive of peace. So, when the funeral was held at least 20,000 people attended and respected him with nothing but peace as they mourned their loss of a friend and a great teacher.
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All GA schools integrated
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The struggle for integrating schools in GA lasted from when the Supreme Court announced its verdict of Brown V. Board of Education to the court case of 1971 that announced again all GA schools were to be integrated. Throughout all of this, Georgia fought to keep segregation alive in all aspects of life. Even after the court case in 1971, they still would not give up. However, they finally gave up when they saw that integration was happening anyway.
