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Established by Turkish tribes under Osman Bey in 1299.
The Ottoman state becomes an empire after the conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed II in 1453. -
The Songhai empire was relatively large. It became wealthy through trans-Saharan trade. It was ruled by a Muslim emperor and was invaded by Morocco.
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Prince Henry was on of the first to really develop maritime trade and European exploration between multiple continents.
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Mehmed ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1444 to September 1446, then again from February 1451 to 1481. He conquered Constantinople and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire. Mehmed is recognized as the first Sultan to codify criminal and constitutional law.
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The Portugese were the first to bring slaves traded to them from Africa to North and South America, also called the New World.
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(Refer to First Reign of Mehmed the Conqueror)
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Sunni Ali was the first king of the Songhai Empire. Unter his rule, they captured Timbuktu (1468) and Djenné (1475).
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Moctezuma was the last Aztec emporer and a great fighter who lost to the conquistadors in 1520 (because of smallpox and the Spanish alliance with Aztec tributary states).
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Luther was a German monk and priest and major role in the Protestant Reformation. He taught that entrance to salvation was based solely on faith in God.
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Dias goes from Portugal, around the Southern tip of Africa, to reach India and China.
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The first voyage of Italian explorer Christopher Columbus resulted in what many Europeans consider to be the Discovery of the Americas.
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Columbian Exchange began after Columbus discovered the New World. It was the transport of people, animals, plants, and disease between the New World and the Old World.
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The Safavid empire was an Iranian empire which used land grants to support its cavalry. The population spoke several languages.
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Clavin was a French pastor during the Protestant Reformation, a principal figure in the development of the system of Calvinism, and argued that entrance to Salvation was predestined by God and was not determined by faith.
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Cortés formed alliances with a number of the tributaries and rivals of the Aztecs, including the Totonacs, and the Tlaxcaltecas. Overran Aztecs, whose popuation had decreased due to the smallpox outbreak.
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Suleiman complety reconstructed the Ottoman legal system and personally led Ottoman armies to conquer the Christian areas of Belgrade, Rhodes, and most of Hungary.
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Mughal= arabic for Mongol
The emperors were Muslims and direct descendants of Genghis Khan through Chagatai Khan and Timur. -
Council that met in the city of Trent, Italy, thrice between 1545 and 1563. Separated proper Catholic doctrines from Protestant "errors." Pope's supremacy was re-affirmed. Each diocese required to have a residential bishop and training hull for priests.
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He was 13 years old when he inherited the Mughal throne and was a descendant of Ghengis Khan. He significantly influenced culture in the empire.
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He was an intelligent Italian physicist, mathematician, and astronomer who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. Galileo improved the telescope.
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European countries search for power. Caused depopulation and economic decline in the Holy Roman Empire.
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He believed that the governemnt was supposed to protect the people's rights and that people were allowed to rebel if they didn't do so. He believed that rulers should be granted authority by the people and that rulers should be subject to law.
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Manchus family seizes China and forms the Qing dynasty. Advanced Chinese institutions and philosophy to higher level than Yuan Dynasty's.
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He was the tsar of Russia from May 7, 1682 until his death. Under his rule, Russia's isolation decreased and advanced the Russian empire's size.
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The English replaced the king, James II, with his daughter Mary. Reforms: Parliament had to be arranged regularly. New taxes had to be approved by Parliament. Monarchs had to belong to the Anglican religion.
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It was formed by Tokugawa Ieyasu and was ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family. Known as the Edo period (named after capital city, Edo).
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The Russian empire extended from East Europe (across North Asia) into parts of North America. Russia is a higher power in Europe, has an exceptional army by 1750.