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The Classical Method was widely used to teach foreign languages in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The Classical Method became known as the Grammar Translation Method in the nineteenth century.
It was at its peak between 1880 and 1920, but it is still the foundation of much English teaching in schools around the world. -
Francois Gouin is a French Latin teacher with extraordinary insights. Gouin is not usually credited as the creator of language-teaching methodology. Gouin developed a "Series Methodology" that taught students directly (without translation) and conceptually (without grammatical rules and explanations) a "row" of easy-to-understand related sentences.
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The Direct method is founded on the student's direct participation in speaking and listening to the foreign language in daily situations. Charles Berlitz was one of its most well-known founders.
The use of the Direct Method had declined by the end of the first quarter of the twentieth century in both Europe and the United States.But the Direct Method had been renewed and redirected into the Audiolingual Method. -
The Army Method's success and renewed national interest in foreign languages prompted educational institutions to adopt the new methodology. In all of its variations and adaptations, the Army Method became known as the Audiolingual Method in the 1950s.
The Audiolingual Method (ALM) was founded on linguistic and psychological principles. In the 1940s and 1950s, structural linguists claimed to be conducting a "scientific descriptive analysis" of various languages. -
The age of audiolingualism began to fade when the Chomskyan revolution in linguistics turned linguists and language teachers toward the "deep structure" of language. The Cognitive Code turned down behaviorism and emphasized rule learning through evaluated periodically and creativity. It emerged onto the scene in the 1960s, when Chomsky published his writings on first languages and widespread grammars.
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The Silent Way was also more cognitive. In this case, students built conceptual hierarchies while also developing freedom, autonomy, and obligation. The biggest problem was that teachers were too distant, and students required more guidance and overt correction at times. The founder, Caleb Gattegno, was said to be interested in a "humanistic" approach to education, and much of the Silent Way was described by a problem-solving approach to learning.
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It is going to be during the 1970’s where appeared some innovative methods for second language learning. Despite that these methods weren’t perfect it was a beginning.
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A classic example of an affectively based method is Community Language Learning. Community Language Learning is a language learning method that includes a psychological component in which educators collaborate to develop what skill of a language they want to learn.
CLL was founded by Charles Curran, an American Jesuit priest whose work in Counselling Learning was decided to apply to language learning. -
As the innovative methods of the 1970s were being commended by some and slammed by others, some significant frameworks for future growth were being laid in what became known as the Notional-Functional Syllabus. Notional-Functional Syllabi began to be used in the United Kingdom in the 1970s, beginning with the work of the Council of Europe and later followed by numerous interpretations of "notional" syllabuses.
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Total Physical Response developer James Asher started exploring with TPR in the 1960s, but it took almost a ten years for the "Methodical" History of Language Teaching method to be hotly debated in professional circles. TPR is now a household term among language teachers, with its most appealing feature being its simplicity. The Total Physical Response method focuses on the fact that memory is enhanced when it is associated with motor activity.
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The final method was the Natural Approach, in which teachers were required to provide comprehensible input, or understandable language. Initially, the emphasis was on meaning rather than form or listening skills. The Natural Approach, developed by one of Krashen's colleagues, Tracy Terrell, was the major methodological offshoot of Krashen's views.
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Suggestopedia was a method derived from the contention of Bulgarian psychologist Georgi Lozanov (1978).The Suggestopedia was founded on the idea that if the brain was given the right conditions for learning, it could process a large amount of material. The goal of this method was to relax the states of mind so that there could be more retention, and music, as well as a comfortable environment, were essential for this.
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