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Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) founded
- Civil Rights: The rights of people to political and freedom equality
- Held a peaceful protest in a coffee shop
- CORE focused on desegregating places of the US
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Jackie Robinson Hired to the Brooklyn Dodgers
- Color Line: A barrier that separates non-whites from whites
- Jackie Robinson was the first black person to be on an MLB team
- Later other sports opened up to black athletes
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Executive Order 9981
- Segregation: The act of setting something or someone apart
- Schools were segregated
- White neighborhoods didn't want blacks living in their neighborhoods
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Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
- Thurgood Marshall: The first African American to be a court justice
- A court case that said segregation in public schools was unconstitutional
- They found out that African Americans suffer if they don't go to school
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
- Rosa Parks: An African American that refused to give up her spot on a bus to a white man
- Boycott that resulted in integration
- African Americans refused to ride the buses, so they walked, rode bikes, and rode in taxis
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Integration of Central High School
- Little Rock Nine: A group of nine African American students enrolled at a white high school
- Troops showed up at the school and wouldn't let the nine in
- Governor did not approve of desegregation in the school
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First Lunch Counter Sit-in
- Jim Crow Laws: Laws that enforced segregation in the state -Sit ins: A protest where people refused to give up their spots
- Jim Crow Laws established places where only whites and blacks could go
- Many restaurants refused to sell to African Americans
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Freedom Rides
-Civil Disobedience: A peaceful protest against something a protestor disagrees with
- CORE was involved with organizing these Freedom Rides
- CORE ended up abandoning the Freedom Rides but SNCC continued them
- Some Freedom Riders were beat up for their cause -
March on Washington
-NAACP: The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
- A protest in Washington for Jobs and Freedom and for the passage of Civil Rights
- One of the largest political gathering in the United States -
Birmingham Campaign: Letter from a Birmingham Jail
- SCLC: An African American Civil Rights Organization
- MLK and some other people were arrested for peaceful protesting
- King wrote a letter saying that they want freedom
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Advocates for Black Nationalism
- Nation of Islam: Wanted complete separation of white society
- Malcolm X: One of the leaders of Black Nationalism
- Muhammed taught blacks that they were the first people but were tricked by evil whites
- Malcolm became the Nation of Islam's effective preacher
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Plessy v. Ferguson: A case that wanted equal rights for blacks in schools and everyday life
- Civil Rights Act ended discrimination on blacks
- LBJ pushed for the bill to be passed
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
- Disenfranchise: Not allowing people to vote
- Congress passed the Voting Rights of 1965
- African Americans got the right to vote because of this Act
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Watts Riot
-Ghettos: A place where a group of single ethnic groups lives
- The Kerner Commissions were the cause of the Watts Riot
- African Americans burned and looted neighborhoods because of the mistreatment they got from whites -
Black Panther Party
- Black Power: A movement to support black peoples rights and political power
- Group wanted decent housing, jobs, and teachers that teach their true history for blacks
- Created many services for their community, breakfast for children and medical clinics
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Civil Rights Act of 1968
- Discrimination: Special treatment to different categories of people
- Many white neighbors refused to rent to blacks
- When African Americans bought a house, they found that the banks wouldn't give them loans or help them
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Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
-Desegregation: The ending of segregation
- Children lived in white or black predominate neighborhoods
- Some bus routes took kids to schools outside their neighborhoods for more racially balanced schools -
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
- Affirmative action: A policy that favors those who tend to suffer from discrimination
- Four justices were strongly against any use of race in university admissions
- The Court confirmed that race can be used as one of the criteria in admissions decisions
