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Congress of Racial Equality Founded
-Civil Rights: A broad range of privileges guaranteed by the United States given to citizens
-This played a big role in the movement for Civil Rights
-The NAACP is the oldest major civil rights organization -
Dodgers Hire Jackie Robinson
-Color line: A barrier to separate African Americans and whites
-First black major league player, got taunted, own team didn't like him, got beaned and cleated
-Pretty much broke the barrier, after a few years blacks started playing other sports professional. -
Executive Order of 9981
-Segregation: Setting someone apart, making them feel different than other people based on skin color or race
-A black man was beaten so badly he got blinded and that was why Truman made the Executive Order
-President Truman was against discrimination in the military -
Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
-Thurgood Marshall: Became the head of the NAACP in 1939
-Legal Defense and Educational Fund used the court system to defeat segregation
-14th Amendment is the main weapon -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
-Boycott & Rosa Parks: Rosa Parks was a huge civil rights activist and inspired many. Boycott is refusing to like come to an agreement, refusing to make a deal.
-African Americans refused to use Public buses, they walked or carpooled.
-Some members of the KKK even set off bombs in houses of leaders and set off firebombs in churches they went to -
Birmingham Campain
-SCLC: An organization using peaceful protests to become equal by Martin Luther King Jr.
-Never used violence to get equal rights
-Whites beat them even though they didn't fight back -
Integration of Central High School
-Little Rock Nine: Only Nine African American Students at Central High School full of thousands of white students
-Troops and hundreds of white students tried to stop the kids from entering the school
-The nine rode to school in Army jeeps with guns loaded to protect them and still they were beat and yelled at -
First Lunch Counter Sit-Ins
-sit-in: Peacefully Sitting in white public places and not moving
-Jim Crow Laws: Laws that made racial segregation okay in the South
-African American college kids went into cafe everyday
-Students acted peacefully but white students and store owners attacked them -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
-Nation of Islam, Malcom X: Religious group that supports separation from whites and blacks. He was a political leader of the Black Muslims
-He was assassinated by 3 members of The Nation of Islam when he left
-Nation of Islam didn't want nonviolence. They wanted pretty much opposite of Martin Luther King Jr. -
Freedom Rides
-Civil Disobedience: Not agreeing to pay taxes or fines and refusing certain laws
-Blacks and Whites riding in bus were brutally beaten and some even put into jail
-They rode several times until in 1962 the leader of CORE announced victory for Freedom Rides -
March on Washington
-NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People made in 1909 to fight segregation and racism
-Largest political gathering ever in United States. 250,000 people
-It included about 60,000 whites, people like Rosa Parks, Jackie Robinson, entertainers, students, and union members. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
-Plessy VS. Ferguson: 1896 case that determined seperate but equal facilities
-Originally Kennedy's idea, President Johnson was able to get passed
-Civil Rights Act banned discrimination -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
-Disenfranchise: Taking away someone's right to do something. (Vote)
-Since the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the number of African Americans in the south able to vote increased by over 2 million.
-President Lyndon Johnson signed it -
Watts Riot + Kerner Commission
-Kerner Commission, Ghettos: National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders saying that white superiority was the cause of the Watts Riots. Ghetto is an area where only one ethnic group lives. Also, neglected area, poverty.
-It took 14,000 members of the National Guard to end the Watts Riot
-It was between blacks and whites and the main cause was police brutality -
Black Panther Party Founded
-Black Power, SNCC: Black panther party was a group that wanted rights and would take violent action.
-Fights with police, armed well with weapons and did not listen to police
-Would take whatever violent action needed -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
-Discrimination: Treating someone worse than you would someone else based on their race or sex or color
-It was after Kings assassination that congress did something, made a ban on discrimination when buying, renting, or financing a house.
-Before this, blacks had big trouble buying homes and some banks didn't even make loans to blacks -
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education
-Desegregation: Ending of a policy of segregation
-You can use buses to integrate
-Some people went to private schools or moved to suburbs -
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
-Affirmative Action: Favoring those who suffer from discrimination -Passing on more qualified students, meet a quota of minorities
