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During the 5th and 6th centuries, groups of germanic tribes formed kingdoms, which sometimes became the precursors of later European states, such as France, Italy or Spain
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The fall of the Western Roman Empire represented the end of the Mediterranean unity. Its political, economic, cultural and social foundations are those on which the Europe of the Ancient Regime would be built centuries later.
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Historians typically regard the Early Middle Ages or Early Medieval Period, sometimes referred to as the Dark Ages, as lasting from the 5th or 6th century to the 10th century.
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Justinian I served as emperor of the Byzantine Empire. He also sponsored the codification of laws known as the Code of Justinian, and directed the construction of several important cathedrals, including the Hagia Sophia.
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In the 7th century, the preaching of the prophet Muhammad gave rise to a new religion: Islam. The caliphs of the Umayyad dynasty drove the expansion of Islam beyond the Arabian peninsula: they ended the Persian Empire. Despite the rapid expansion of the Islamic Empire. The advance through Europe from North Africa was interrupted by the victory of the Frankish army at the Battle of Poitiers (732).
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According to the Sunni Muslims, the Rashidun caliphs were chosen by Muhammad’s followers and all four were legitimate caliphs. A caliph is the chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad.
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The Umayyad Caliphate was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. The caliphate was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty
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Charles Martel was a Frankish statesman and military leader who, as Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace, was the de facto ruler of Francia from 718 until his death.
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The battle of Poitiers took place between the forces commanded by the Frankish leader Carlos Martel. The battle was near the city of Tours, in present-day France. During the battle, the Franks (Christians) defeated the Muslim army. This battle slowed the Muslim expansion north from the Iberian Peninsula.
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The Abbasid historical period lasting to the Mongol conquest of Baghdad in 1258 CE is considered the Islamic Golden Age.
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Pepin the Short was the King of the Franks from 751 until his death in 768. He was the first of the Carolingians to become king. He was the son of Charles Martel
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Pippin the Short deposed the last Merovingian king and proclaimed himself king of the Franks. He inaugurated the Carolingian dynasty. His son Charlemagne created an empire that covered most part of Western Europe. His defence of the Church was rewarded with the crown of the Holy Roman Empire in the year 800.
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On French territory, in the mid-8th century, Pippin the Short deposed the last Merovingian king and proclaimed himself king of the Franks. He inaugurated the Carolingian dynasty. His son Charlemagne created an empire that covered most part of Western Europe.
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Charle Magne divided the Empire into counties and marches.
The Empire was divided after the Treaty of Verdun -
The High Middle Ages include the rapidly increasing population of Europe, which brought about great social and political change from the preceding era, and the Renaissance of the 12th century, including the first developments of rural exodus and of urbanization.
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Romulus, the last of the Roman emperors in the west, was overthrown by the Germanic leader Odoacer, who became the first Barbarian to rule in Rome. The order that the Roman Empire had brought to western Europe for 1000 years was no more.
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The leader of Byzantine Church was the patriarch of Contantinople. He didn't accept the authority of the Pope of Rome. He thought he and the Pope were equals.
In the 11th century Christianity split into two: Roman Catholic Church and Orthodox Church. -
The Late Middle Ages was a series of events in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries that brought centuries of European stability to a halt. Three major crises led to radical changes in all areas of society: demographic collapse, political instabilities and religious upheavals.
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The fall of Constantinople into the hands of the Ottoman Turks was a historical event that marked the end of the Middle Ages in Europe.
Consequences:
- Shock in western, they think in the end of Christianity.
- Ottomans blocked trade routes with Asia, consequence:
Portuguese and Spaniards travel through Atlantic ocean.
- Greek thinkers flight to Italy ( influence in the Renaissance).
- Constantinople: Istanbul.
- Istanbul capital of Turkish Empire until World War I. -
Discovery of America is the name given to the historical event that occurred on October 12, 1492, consisting of the arrival in America of a Spanish expedition led by Christopher Columbus by mandate of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabel de Castilla and Fernando de Aragón.
