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Charlemagne moved the capitol of Rome to Constantinople and in 476 C.E., the last western Roman emporer was driven from his throne.
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The Byzantine Empire began when Constantinople moved the capitol of Rome to Constantinople. It was home to 1 million people. It was more advanced than any other city in that time, boasting a sewer system and hospitals, homes for the elderly, and orphanages. The east empire and the west empire often fought over religious athority.
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Feudalism began when western Europe was thretened by Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings. People created feudalism to protect themselves.
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In 1054, after continuous disagreements between the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church, the Patriarch of Constantinople wanted to reassert the Byzantine control of the church. He closed all churches with western rights. The pope excommunicated him and he excommunicated the cardinal bearing the message.
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King John made powerful enemies and lost all the land. He also taxed the barons heavily. He quarreled with the church, and collected large amounts of money from it. In 1215, angry barons forced King John to sign the Magna Carta, restricting his power.
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England and france fought a series of wars over the control of lands in France. The long conflict helped weaken feudalismin England and France.
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The Bubonic Plague spread from Central Asia through China, India, the Near East, and Europe. It killed off about a third of the population, 24 million Europeans.
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The Hundred Years War shifted power to monarchs and common people. During the war, both sides had collected taxes and raised professional armies, and now no longer rely on nobles to supply knights. Changes in military technology made the nobles' knights and castles less useful.
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Charlemagne's Christian Empire lasted from 768 to 814 C.E.
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